{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T19:26:44Z","timestamp":1725650804679},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SGEM WORLD SCIENCE (SWS) Scholarly Society","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The concept of patient\ufffds rights itself was fairly known before the last four or five decades, and medical malpractice of all kinds made the aggrieved party to seek redress at a court; but no special legislation, apart from rare exceptions, has ever existed to anchor the patient\ufffds rights before the late 20th century. In the civil law tradition of the 20th century, especially its earlier decades, doctors could be held criminally or civilly liable for a wide variety of malpractice, including unauthorized medical intervention or divulgation of patient\ufffds information, though such provisions did not develop actual rights, were quite general in their nature, and were individually assessed by the courts in each case. Within in the gradual change in the doctrines of medical law, the term \ufffdautonomy\ufffd, shaping the patient\ufffds right to decide what medical interventions could or could not be performed upon his body, intervened into the existing legal scholarship, which was later augmented with various issues, such as access to medical records of the patient, refusal of blood transfusion, participation in medical experiments, deciding upon end-of-life situations or relating to various reproductive law considerations, not always permitted by national law. Many of these rights are much older than the concept of patient\ufffds autonomy themselves, and have developed in the case law which itself has originated from lawsuits against doctors and hospitals for acts, being nearly obscure in the existing legal doctrine, such as unauthorized medical experiments. The given paper is aimed to discuss the development and overall gist of the patient\ufffds right to autonomy, as well as some of its early interpretations in civil law doctrine. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.35603\/sws.iscss.2021\/s02.03","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T09:29:44Z","timestamp":1648805384000},"page":"21-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CONCERNING THE CONCEPT OF THE \ufffdPATIENT`S RIGHT TO AUTONOMY\ufffd"],"prefix":"10.35603","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Jurkevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltic International Academy","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anatoliy","family":"Lytvynenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Gordon University of Aberdeen","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"21192","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","unstructured":"[1] Mainly a patient\ufffds rights law, i.e. the Latvian Patient\ufffds Rights Law of 2009: Pacientu tiesibu likums, Latvijas Vestnesis, 205, 30.12.2009"},{"key":"ref=2","unstructured":"[2] Mazure, L. 2011. Pacienta griba un tas civiltiesiska aizsardziba: promocijas darbs. Riga: Latvijas Universitate."},{"key":"ref=3","unstructured":"[3] Tomas Dolezal, Pravni povaha informovaneho souhlasu a nasledky neuplneho pouceni z hlediska civilniho prava, Casopis zdravotnickeho prava a bioetiky, Vol. 9 (1) (2019)"},{"key":"ref=4","unstructured":"[4] OLG Bremen, 31.07.1979 - 1 U 47\/79, para. 15-et seq.; BGH, 23.11.1982; VI ZR 222\/79, para. 17-27; 30."},{"key":"ref=5","unstructured":"[5] E. Deutsch, Das Personlichkeitsrecht des Patienten, Archiv fur die civilistische Praxis 192. Bd., H. 3 (1992)."},{"key":"ref=6","unstructured":"[6] L. Oppenheim, Das arztliche Recht zu korperlichen Eingriffen an Kranken und Gesunden, Benno Schwabe, Verlagsbuchhandlung, Basel, 1890."},{"key":"ref=7","unstructured":"[7] J. Grassl, Zur Verantworlichkeit des Arztes, Friedreich's Blatter fur gerichtliche Medicin und Sanitatspolizei, Bd. 22 (1894)."},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] Salgo v. Leland Board etc. Trustees, 154 Cal. App. 2d 560, at p. 578-579 (1957) [Civ. No. 17045. First Dist. Div. One. Oct. 22, 1957]","DOI":"10.25291\/VR\/1957-VR-560"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=9.1","unstructured":"[9] Cons. Chavonin c. Dr. L\ufffd, Admin. de l\ufffdAssistance Publique et Soc. de laboratoires Thorande, Trib. civ. de la Seine (1 Chambre), 16 mai 1935, Dall. Heb. 1935.390, 390- 391, Dall. Per. 1936 II 9, 13-14"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=9.2","unstructured":"appeal: L. c. Consorts Chavonin et Cie des produits chimiques de la Sorbonne, Cour d'Appel de Paris, 1 Chambre, 11 mai 1937, Dall. Hebd. 1937.340, 340-341"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=10.1","unstructured":"[10] Marc I. Steinberg, The California Natural Death Act--A Failure to Provide for Adequate Patient Safequards and Individual Autonomy, 9 Conn. L. Rev. 203, 214-220 (1977). The term \ufffdpatient autonomy\ufffd in the earlier years was also referred to in the sense of his right to refuse treatment, especially in connection with end-of-life issues, see. David L. Jackson"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=10.2","unstructured":"Stuart Younger, Patient Autonomy and Death with Dignity: Some Clinical Caveats, 20 Jurimetrics J. 348, 355-359 (1980). Seemingly, the concept (at least its American or Canadian version) was initially strongly tied with issues of passive euthanasia, which became a subject of litigation in the 1970s."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=11.1","unstructured":"[11] Juliana Hasl, Patient Autonomy and the Right to Refuse Treatment: Available Remedies \/ Comment, 33 St. Louis U. L. J. 711, 713-714 (1989). J. Hasl held that the right to autonomy derives from the right to bodily integrity, but is subject to a number of limitations, which were borne in the jurisprudence of the courts, primarily within the balance of the State\ufffds interest to preserve life, the private interest, and protecting the interests of the third parties. Satz v. Perlmutter, 362 So. 2d 160, 162-164 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1978)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=11.2","unstructured":"379 So. 2d 359, 361-362 (Fla. 1980) [affirmed]."},{"key":"ref=12","unstructured":"[12] Joan Loughrey, The Confidentiality of Medical Records: Informational Autonomy, Patient Privacy, and the Law, 56 N. Ir. Legal Q. 293, 294-300; 303-306 (2005)"},{"key":"ref=13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] Tracy E. Miller, Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: Public Policy and Patient Autonomy The Care of the Dying: A Symposium on the Case of Betty Wright, 17 L. Med. & Health Care 245, 248-252 (1989)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.1989.tb01102.x"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=14.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[14] See., for instance, Margaret Brazier, Patient Autonomy and Consent to Treatment: The Role of Law, 7 Legal Stud. 169, 173-178 (1987)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-121X.1987.tb00359.x"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=14.2","unstructured":"Anthony R. LoBiondo, Patient Autonomy and Biomedical Research: Judicial Compromise in Moore v. Regents of the University of California, 1 Alb. L. J. Sci. & Tech. 277, 291-300 (1991)."},{"key":"ref=15","unstructured":"[15] Accord the judgment of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation of Argentine in the case of Marcelo Diaz (2015): D., M.A. s\/ Declaracion de Incapacidad, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nacion, 7 de julio de 2015, CSJ 376\/2013 (49-D). (see the court\ufffds justification of approving the decision to terminate life-support)."},{"key":"ref=16","unstructured":"[16] Edmund D. Pellegrino, Patient and Physician Autonomy: Conflicting Rights and Obligations in the Physician-Patient Relationship, 10 J. Contemp. L. & P. 47, 50 (1994)"},{"key":"ref=17","unstructured":"[17] For instance, see an American judgment from the state of Colorado, where an incapacitated person impugned a court order authorizing his guardian, the Morgan County Department of Human Services to execute a \ufffddo-not-resuscitate order\ufffd on his behalf (judgment of the lower court authorizing the \ufffddo-not-resuscitate-order\ufffd affirmed, People ex rel. Yeager, 93 P. 3d 589 (Colo. Sup. Ct. 2004), at p. 593-597 (Sec. III-V). Such judgments show how much may the \ufffdautonomy\ufffd bend in different ways, including surrogate decisions on end-of-life issues. Besides, similar procedures do not exist in most of the civil law states and cannot be recognized by the courts on basis of acting civil law, family law or guardianship law. For instance, check my comment upon the characteristics of the patient\ufffds \ufffdliving will\ufffd and its possible application in the civil law system: A. A. Lytvynenko, The Legal Characteristics of the Patient's \ufffdLiving Will\ufffd: Doctrine and Jurisprudence, 2021 (1) Medical Law 52-68, 2021"},{"key":"ref=18","unstructured":"[18] Vikentii Veresaiev, The Doctor\ufffds Notes (1901), Chapter 17."},{"key":"ref=19","unstructured":"[19] As for the case, see 1933 D.L.R. 2d. 260. As for the MacDonald\ufffds comment, see Vincent C. Macdonald, Consent of patient as justification for surgical assault, The Canadian Bar Review, 1933 (No. 7, September 1933), p.p. 506-510"},{"key":"ref=20","unstructured":"[20] Otto von Gierke, Deutsches Privatenrecht Band 1: Allgemeiner Teil u. Personenrecht, Leipzig [u.a] \ufffd 1895."},{"key":"ref=21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[21] Anatoliy A. Lytvynenko, The Hart-Fuller Debate on Law and Morality Within the Prism of the Legal Foundation of the Right to Privacy in its Earlier Jurisprudential Interpretations in German Case-Law, Teise Vol. 119, (2021)","DOI":"10.15388\/Teise.2021.119.10"},{"key":"ref=22","unstructured":"[22] See, for instance, Demarche c. Dechamps, 27 Nov. 1889, Trib. civ. de Liege, Belgique Judiciaire 1890.471, Pas. 1890 III 83, 85; Journal des Tribunaux (Belge) 1890 p. 8; Jour. de. Trib. et. Rev. j. 1890.76; appeal: Dechamps c. Demarche, Cour d\ufffdAppel Liege, Pas. 1891 II 78, 80; Sirey 1895 II 237, 237-238; Dall. Per. 1891 \ufffd\ufffd 281; Pas. 1891 II 78, 79-80. This case was one of the most known and cited judgments on the issue of unauthorized medical intervention (liability under Art. 1382 of the Civil Code). Next, a few other judgments could be named: Chini c. Coconni, Trib. de. Aix, 22 October 1906, Dall. Per. 1907 II 41, 43; Bours c. Consorc Prevost, Trib. de Amiens, 14 Fevr. 1906, Dall. Per. 1907 II 44, 45; Epoux N c. Docteur Lenormant, Cour d\ufffdAppel de. Paris, 28 Juin 1923, Dall. Per. 1924 II 116, p.p. 116-117; Vve Seignobos c. Docteur H., 31 octobre 1933, Cour de Cass., 1934 Sirey I 11, 11-12.; Dr X c. Teyssier, 28 janvier 1942, Cour. de Cass, Cham. civ., Dall. Per. 1942 I 63."},{"key":"ref=23","unstructured":"[23] Etienne Frederic Bouisson, Traite theorique et pratique de la methode anesthesique appliquee a la chirurgie et aux differentes branches de l'art de guerir, Paris, Libraire de l\ufffdAcademie Nationale de Medecine, 1850."},{"key":"ref=24","unstructured":"[24] Min. Publ. c. Guyenot et Gailleton, Trib. corr. de Lyon, 15 dec. 1859, Dall. Per. 1859 II."},{"key":"ref=25","unstructured":"[25] Poursuites dirigees contre deux medecins a l occasion d inoculation syphilitique, Revue de therapeutique medico-chirurgicale: 1860,[1]."},{"key":"ref=26","unstructured":"[26] C.-V. Boucard, Inoculation d'accidents secondaires syphilitiques : [affaire de l'Hospice de l'Antiquaille], Lyon, 1860"},{"key":"ref=27","unstructured":"[27] Du droit d\ufffdexperimentation dans les hopitaux, La France Medicale et Pharmaceutique, 24 dec. 1859 (No. 52)"},{"key":"ref=28","unstructured":"[28] Rene Demogue, Traite des obligations en general, Tome VI, Paris \/ Bibl. A. Rousseau (1932), p. 186-187 (Ch. 1)"},{"key":"ref=29","unstructured":"[29] Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau, Lecons orales de clinique chirurgicale, faites a l'hopital de la Charite. Tome 1, Paris, 1840"},{"key":"ref=30","unstructured":"[30] Jean-Casimir-Felix Guyon, Elements de chirurgie clinique : comprenant le diagnostic chirurgical, les operations en general, les methodes operatoires, l'hygiene, le traitement des blesses et des operes, Paris, 1873."},{"key":"ref=31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] 1902 g. 19 novembra, Po dielu doktora meditsyny Pietra Modlinskago, 1902 Senata Kriminala Kasacijas Departamenta Spr. N. 33, 1902 KKD p. 84, 85-86; 89-90","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican02081902-84d"},{"key":"ref=32","unstructured":"[32] V. N. Shyriaiev, The Criminal Responsibility of Physicians, St. Petersburg, Edition of the Law Bookshop of N. K. Martynov, \ufffd 1903."},{"key":"ref=33","unstructured":"[33] S. N. Tregubov, The Doctor\ufffds Criminal Responsibility for Treating without the Patient\ufffds Consent, Saint Petersburg, Senate Typography, \ufffd 1904."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=34.1","unstructured":"[34] The books reporting the Latvian Senate\ufffds judgments on medical malpractice or crimes committed by doctors (i.e. abortions done illegally) do not contain cases in respect with unconsented operations. However, the case report of the trial of Dr. Londenberg (1926) mentions that an allegedly illegal abortion was made upon the pregnant woman\ufffds firm consent. However, the case fell apart owing to insufficient evidence, as it was clearly established neither when the abortion took place, nor what was the actual state of health of the mother and the health\/life of the fetus. See: 1926 g. 28 sept. spr. Londenberga l. Nr. 537, Latvijas Senata Kriminala Kasacijas Departamenta spriedumu tezu pilnigs kopojums, no. 1919 g. lidz. 1928 g. 31 decembrim (1928) \/\/ F. Kamradziuss, p. 306-309"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref=34.2","unstructured":"see additionally: 1928 g. 30 marta spr. Sternbergs l. Nr. 124, 1919-1928 Kopojums, Lieta No. 592, p. 311."},{"key":"ref=35","unstructured":"[35] K.V., Vai arstam ir tiesiba izdarit dzivibu apdraudosas operacijas bez slimnieka vai vina piederigo piekrisanas un kada ir vina atbildiba slimnieka naves gadijuma. Jurists, Nr. 7 (01.10.1932). \ufffd Riga, 1932"},{"key":"ref=36","unstructured":"[36] I. Tart, De la responsabilite des persones. Art du guerir. Belgique Judiciaire 1894."},{"key":"ref=37","unstructured":"[37] M.Birgelis Informeta piekrisana arstniecibai un tas elementi. Jurista vards. 22.04.2014. Nr. 16 (818)."},{"key":"ref=38","unstructured":"[38] T.L.Beauchamp, Childress J.F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Fifth edition, Oxford university press, 2001."},{"key":"ref=39","unstructured":"[39] S. Asnevica \ufffd Slokenberga. Medicinas tiesibas. Riga: Tiesu namu agentura, 2015."},{"key":"ref=40","unstructured":"[40] Toebes B., Hartlev M., Hendriks A. and Janne Rothmar Herrmann (eds.) Health and Human Rights in Europe. Intersentia. Cambridge \ufffd Antwerp \ufffd Portland.2012."},{"key":"ref=41","unstructured":"[41] Hondius E. The Development of Medical Liability. Volume 3. Cambridge University press. 2010."},{"key":"ref=42","unstructured":"[42] ECHR case Csoma v Romania Available at: http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/app\/conversion\/pdf\/? library=ECHR&id=001-115862&filename=001-115862.pdf (01.08.2021)"}],"event":{"number":"8","sponsor":["SGEM WORLD SCIENCE (SWS) Scholarly Society, Austria"],"acronym":"ISCSS, 2021","name":"8th SWS International Scientific Conference on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2021","start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"theme":"Social Sciences","location":"Albena, Bulgaria","end":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]}},"container-title":["SWS International Scientific Conference on Social Sciences - ISCSS","8th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS Proceedings, 2021"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T10:59:27Z","timestamp":1681988367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ssalibrary.at\/sgem_jresearch_publication_view.php?page=view&editid1=4616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35603\/sws.iscss.2021\/s02.03","relation":{},"ISSN":["2682-9959"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2682-9959"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]}}}