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World Bank Group. Data for Viet Nam, Lower middle income. 2024. <i>https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/?locations=VN-XN<\/i> (accessed December 17, 2025)."},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. World Health Organization. Viet Nam. <i>https:\/\/data.who.int\/countries\/704<\/i> (accessed December 17, 2025)."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Shin WS, Xie F, Chen B, Yu P, Yu J, To KF, Kang W. Updated epidemiology of gastric cancer in Asia: Decreased incidence but still a big challenge. Cancers (Basel). 2023; 15:2639.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092639"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Nguyen TP, Luu HN, Nguyen MVT, Tran MT, Tuong TTV, Tran CTD, Boffetta P. Attributable causes of cancer in Vietnam. JCO Glob Oncol. 2020; 6:195-204.","DOI":"10.1200\/JGO.19.00239"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Nguyen TL, Uchida T, Tsukamoto Y, <i>et al<\/i>. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroduodenal diseases in Vietnam: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010; 10:114.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-10-114"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Quan NK, Taylor-Robinson AW. Vietnam&apos;s evolving healthcare system: Notable successes and significant challenges. Cureus. 2023; 15:e40414.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40414"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7. World Health Organization. Health systems governance in Viet Nam. <i>https:\/\/www.who.int\/vietnam\/health-topics\/health-systems-governance<\/i> (accessed December 17, 2025)."},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8. Vietnam Ministry of Health. Circular No. 22\/2023\/TT-BYT on regulations unifying the prices of medical examination and treatment services covered by health insurance among hospitals of the same category nationwide and providing guidance on the application of prices and payment of medical examination and treatment costs in certain cases. <i>https:\/\/chinhphu.vn\/?pageid=27160&amp;docid=209133&amp;classid=1<\/i> (accessed March 1, 2026)."},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. Vietnam Ministry of Health. Circular No. 23\/2024\/TT-BYT on issuing the list of techniques in medical examination and treatment. <i>https:\/\/vanban.chinhphu.vn\/?pageid=27160&amp;docid=211508<\/i> (accessed March 1, 2026)."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng c\u01a1, Ng\u00f4 Thanh Ho\u00e0ng, Hy Th\u1ecb H\u1ea3i Y\u1ebfn. Financial autonomy in vietnamese public health service units. 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Decree No. 147\/2025\/ND-CP on regulations on the delineation of authority of two levels of local government in the field of state management under the Ministry of Health. <i>https:\/\/vanban.chinhphu.vn\/?pageid=27160&amp;docid=213925<\/i> (accessed March 1, 2026)."},{"key":"15","unstructured":"15. Government of Vietnam. Decree No. 148\/2025\/ND-CP on regulations on decentralization and delegation of authority in the health sector. <i>https:\/\/vanban.chinhphu.vn\/?pageid=27160&amp;docid=213932<\/i> (accessed March 1, 2026)."},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Damschroder LJ, Reardon CM, Widerquist MAO, Lowery J. The updated consolidated framework for implementation research based on user feedback. Implement Sci. 2022; 17:75.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-022-01245-0"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Inagaki D, Nakahara S, Chung UI, Shimaoka M, Shoji K. Need for improvements in medical device management in Low- and Middle-Income countries: Applying learnings from Japan&apos;s experience. JMA J. 2023; 6:188-191.","DOI":"10.31662\/jmaj.2022-0089"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Thomson S, Hair C, Oyeleke GK. Outside the training paradigm: Challenges and solutions for endoscopy provision in Resource-Limited settings. Tech Innov Gastrointest Endosc. 2024; 26:270-282.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tige.2024.06.002"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19. Ministry of Health - Ministry of Home Affairs. Joint circular No 51\/2015\/TTLT-BYT-BNV on guiding the functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of the Department of Health under the People&apos;s committee of provinces and centrally-administered cities, and the Health Department of the People&apos;s committee of districts, towns and cities under provinces, Hanoi, 2015. <i>https:\/\/vanban.chinhphu.vn\/default.aspx?pageid=27160&amp;docid=183092<\/i> (accessed March 1, 2026)."},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Lee HY, Oh J, Hoang VM, Moon JR, Subramanian SV. Use of high-level health facilities and catastrophic expenditure in Vietnam: Can health insurance moderate this relationship? 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