{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:46:32Z","timestamp":1782539192838,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JST)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GHM Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"DOI":"10.35772\/ghmo.2025.01008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T22:07:49Z","timestamp":1755382069000},"page":"9-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 lockdown and support for slum dwellers and homeless individuals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.35772","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Khuat Thi Hai","family":"Oanh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Supporting Community Development Initiative (SCDI), Hanoi, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thuy","family":"Linh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Supporting Community Development Initiative (SCDI), Hanoi, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Global Health Cooperation, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lam Ngoc","family":"Thuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Supporting Community Development Initiative (SCDI), Hanoi, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Hong","family":"Phuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Supporting Community Development Initiative (SCDI), Hanoi, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieu Thi","family":"Mai Huong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Supporting Community Development Initiative (SCDI), Hanoi, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Tuan Anh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Supporting Community Development Initiative (SCDI), Hanoi, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pham Thi","family":"Ngoc Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Supporting Community Development Initiative (SCDI), Hanoi, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Murakam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Global Health Cooperation, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"21485","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. D&apos;Alessandro D, Appolloni L. Housing and health: an overview. Ann Ig. 2020; 32(5 Supple 1):17-26."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. The Lancet. Housing: An overlooked social determinant of health. Lancet. 2024; 403:1723.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00914-0"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3. Taylor LA. Housing and health: an overview of the literature. <i>https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/content\/briefs\/housing-and-health-overview-literature<\/i> (accessed March 21, 2025)."},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Downing J. The health effects of the foreclosure crisis and unaffordable housing: A systematic review and explanation of evidence. Soc Sci Med. 2016; 162:88-96.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.06.014"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Tsai AC. Home foreclosure, health, and mental health: A systematic review of individual, aggregate, and contextual associations. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10:e0123182.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123182"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. V\u00e1squez-Vera H, Pal\u00e8ncia L, Magna I, Mena C, Neira J, Borrell C. The threat of home eviction and its effects on health through the equity lens: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2017; 175:199-208.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.010"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7. National Statistics Office. Vietnam Statistical Yearbook of Viet Nam 2023. <i>https:\/\/www.nso.gov.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/NG-TCTK-2023_Final.pdf<\/i> (accessed March 21, 2025)."},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8. Xoan NTH. Housing statuses of the poor in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Sociology. 2015; 3:23-34."},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Ooi GL, Phua KH. Urbanization and slum formation. J Urban Health. 2007; 84(3 Suppl): i27-i34.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9167-5"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"10. Wust S, Bolay JC, Du TTN. Metropolization and the ecological crisis: precarious settlements in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. In: From unsustainable to inclusive cities (Westendorff D ed.). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva, Switzerland, 2004; pp. 87-106."},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11. Viet Nam News. HCM City brings homeless people to social support centres to reduce panhandling, petty crimes. <i>https:\/\/vietnamnews.vn\/society\/1663210\/hcm-city-brings-homeless-people-to-social-support-centres-to-reduce-panhandling-petty-crimes.html?ut%E2%80%A6<\/i> (accessed March 21, 2025)."},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Achou B, Boisclair D, d&apos;Astous P, Fonseca R, Glenzer F, Michaud PC. Early impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on household finances in Quebec. Can Public Policy. 2020; 46:S217-S235.","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.2020-087"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Bhutta N, Blair J, Dettling L, Moore K. COVID-19, the CARES Act, and families&apos; financial security. Natl Tax J. 2020; 73:645-672.","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2020.3.02"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, Chen-Li D, Iacobucci M, Ho R, Majeed A, McIntyre RS. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020; 277:55-64.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. C\u00e9nat JM, Blais-Rochette C, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Noorishad PG, Mukunzi JN, McIntee SE, Dalexis RD, Goulet MA, Labelle PR. Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2021; 295:113599.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113599"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Abdi F, Rahnemaei FA, Shojaei P, Afsahi F, Mahmoodi Z. Social determinants of mental health of women living in slum: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2021; 64:143-155.","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.20264"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Hossain MM, Sultana A, Tasnim S, Fan Q, Ma P, McKyer ELJ, Purohit N. Prevalence of mental disorders among people who are homeless: An umbrella review. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020; 66:528-541.","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020924689"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Kawakami N, Thi Thu Tran T, Watanabe K, Imamura K, Thanh Nguyen H, Sasaki N, Kuribayashi K, Sakuraya A, Thuy Nguyen Q, Thi Nguyen N, Minh Bui T, Thi Huong Nguyen G, Minas H, Tsutsumi A. Internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and item response characteristics of the Kessler 6 scale among hospital nurses in Vietnam. PLoS One. 2020; 15:e0233119.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233119"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Daly M. Prevalence of psychological distress among working-age adults in the United States, 1999\u20132018. Am J Public Health. 2022; 112:1045-1049.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306828"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Nishi D, Susukida R, Usuda K, Mojtabai R, Yamanouchi Y. Trends in the prevalence of psychological distress and the use of mental health services from 2007 to 2016 in Japan. J Affect Disord. 2018; 239:208-213.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.016"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Aberese-Ako M, Immurana M, Dalaba MA, Anumu FEY, Ofosu A, Gyapong M. The socio-economic and health effects of COVID-19 among rural and urban-slum dwellers in Ghana: A mixed methods approach. PLoS One. 2022; 17:e0271551.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271551"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Joshi N, Lopus S, Hannah C, Ernst KC, Kilungo AP, Opiyo R, Ngayu M, Davies J, Evans T. COVID-19 lockdowns: Employment and business disruptions, water access and hygiene practices in Nairobi&apos;s informal settlements. Soc Sci Med. 2022; 308:115191.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115191"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Nuwematsiko R, Nabiryo M, Bomboka JB, Nalinya S, Musoke D, Okello D, Wanyenze RK. Unintended socio-economic and health consequences of COVID-19 among slum dwellers in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2022; 22:88.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12453-6"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Kittiprapas S. Socioeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the vulnerable households: empirical evidence from slum areas of Bangkok city. Cogent Soc Sci. 2022; 8:2074111.","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2022.2074111"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Pongutta S, Kantamaturapoj K, Phakdeesettakun K, Phonsuk P. The social impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on urban slums and the response of civil society organisations: A case study in Bangkok, Thailand. Heliyon. 2021; 7:e07161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07161"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Finnigan R. Self-reported impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic for people experiencing homelessness in Sacramento, California. J Soc Distress Homeless. 2022; 31:72\u201380.","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2021.1879618"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Heerde JA, McMorris BJ, Gewirtz O&apos;Brien JR, Bailey JA, Toumbourou JW. Health and social vulnerabilities among unstably housed and homeless young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Promot Pract. 2024; 25:768-773.","DOI":"10.1177\/15248399231217447"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Downs-Tepper H, Krishna A, Rains E. A threat to life and livelihoods: Examining the effects of the first wave of COVID-19 on health and wellbeing in Bengaluru and Patna slums. Environ Urban. 2022; 34:190\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1177\/09562478211048778"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Auma CI, Pradeilles R, Ohly H, Eymard\u2010Duvernay S, Brizendine KA, Blankenship J, Singhkumarwong A, Goudet S. Urban nutrition situation in the slums of three cities in Asia during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. Matern Child Nutr. 2023:e13543.","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13543"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Mehmood Y, Arshad M, Bashir MK. Household income and food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in the urban slums of Punjab, Pakistan. Local Environ. 2023; 28:1573-1589.","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2023.2238749"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Shupler M, Mwitari J, Gohole A, Anderson de Cuevas R, Puzzolo E, \u010cuki\u0107 I, Nix E, Pope D. COVID-19 impacts on household energy &amp; food security in a Kenyan informal settlement: The need for integrated approaches to the SDGs. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2021; 144:111018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111018"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Allaria C, Loubi\u00e8re S, Mosnier E, Monfardini E, Auquier P, Tinland A. &quot;Locked down outside&quot;: Perception of hazard and health resources in COVID-19 epidemic context among homeless people. SSM Popul Health. 2021; 15:100829.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100829"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Moura HSD, Canatto MCD, Berra TZ, <i>et al<\/i>. Food insecurity, income loss, healthcare access, and other exacerbated social inequalities among people experiencing homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil (2021\u20132023). Discov Public Health. 2024; 21:17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-024-00141-w"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Wang Y, Hua L, Zou S, Deng T, Chen Y, Cao W, Wu C, Zhou Y, Zou H. The homeless people in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: Victims of the strict pandemic control measures of the government. Front Public Health. 2021; 9:679429.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.679429"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Santos ME, Napal MJ, Ramos G. The COVID-19 crisis and lockdown measures: A portrait from a slum in urban Argentina. In: Research on economic inequality: Poverty, inequality and shocks (Bandyopadhyay S, ed.). Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK, 2021: pp. 269-295.","DOI":"10.1108\/S1049-258520210000029012"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Seddiky MA, Madeha Chowdhury NM, Ara E. Satisfaction level of slum dwellers with the assistance of the City Corporation during COVID-19: The Bangladesh context. Soc Sci. 2023; 12:520.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12090520"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Nunes NRA, Rodriguez A, Cinacchi GB. Health and social care inequalities: The impact of COVID-19 on people experiencing homelessness in Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18:5545.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115545"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"38. United Nations Development Programme in Viet Nam. Rapid assessment of the COVID-19 Socio-economic impact on vulnerable households in Viet Nam. Hanoi, Vietnam, 2021; pp. 61-64."},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Auerbach AM, Thachil T. How does COVID-19 affect urban slums? Evidence from settlement leaders in India. World Dev. 2021; 140:105304.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105304"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Solym\u00e1ri D, Kairu E, Czirj\u00e1k R, Tarr\u00f3sy I. Caring interventions for the most vulnerable populations in economically disadvantaged areas during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic by non-governmental organizations in Kenya. Soc Sci. 2023; 12:284.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12050284"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Abdel-Rahman S, Khater E, Abdel Fattah MN, Hussein WA. Social determinants of chronic diseases reporting among slum dwellers in Egypt. J Biosoc Sci. 2024; 56:590-608.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932024000014"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Adams AM, Islam R, Yusuf SS, Panasci A, Crowell N. Healthcare seeking for chronic illness among adult slum dwellers in Bangladesh: A descriptive cross-sectional study in two urban settings. PLoS one. 2020; 15:e0233635.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233635"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Bhojani U, Thriveni B, Devadasan R, Munegowda C, Devadasan N, Kolsteren P, Criel B. Out-of-pocket healthcare payments on chronic conditions impoverish urban poor in Bangalore, India. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12:990.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-990"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Lebrun\u2010Harris LA, Baggett TP, Jenkins DM, Sripipatana A, Sharma R, Hayashi AS, Daly CA, Ngo\u2010Metzger Q. Health status and health care experiences among homeless patients in federally supported health centers: Findings from the 2009 patient survey. Health Serv Res. 2013; 48:992-1017.","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12009"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"45. Khandor E, Mason K, Chambers C, Rossiter K, Cowan L, Hwang SW. Access to primary health care among homeless adults in Toronto, Canada: Results from the Street Health survey. Open Med. 2011; 5:e94-e103."},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Mistry SK, Ali ARMM, Yadav UN, Ghimire S, Hossain MB, Das Shuvo S, Saha M, Sarwar S, Nirob MMH, Sekaran VC, Harris MF. Older adults with non-communicable chronic conditions and their health care access amid COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021; 16:e0255534.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255534"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. Bisht R, Saharia R, Sarma J. COVID-19 and the burden of ill-health: A double crisis of disruptions and inequalities. J Soc Econ Dev. 2021; 23(Suppl 2):342-356.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40847-020-00117-x"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Ahmed SAKS, Ajisola M, Azeem K, <i>et al<\/i>. Impact of the societal response to COVID-19 on access to healthcare for non-COVID-19 health issues in slum communities of Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan: Results of pre-COVID and COVID-19 lockdown stakeholder engagements. BMJ Glob Health. 2020; 5:e003042.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003042"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Becerra BJ, Sis-Medina RC, Reyes A, Becerra MB. Association between food insecurity and serious psychological distress among Hispanic adults living in poverty. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015; 12:E206.","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd12.150334"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. Rani D, Singh JK, Acharya D, Paudel R, Lee K, Singh SP. Household food insecurity and mental health among teenage girls living in urban slums in Varanasi, India: A cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15:1585.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081585"}],"container-title":["GHM Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/ghmo\/6\/1\/6_2025.01008\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:59:28Z","timestamp":1782536368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/ghmo\/6\/1\/6_2025.01008\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35772\/ghmo.2025.01008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2436-293X","2436-2956"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2436-293X","type":"print"},{"value":"2436-2956","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"article-number":"2025.01008"}}