{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:13:18Z","timestamp":1758633198699,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Central Research Institute for Epidemiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Problems of Virology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies is almost ubiquitous (except in certain areas) and poses a significant danger to both animals and humans. Every year around 55,000 people die from this disease worldwide. In the Russian Federation alone 400,000\u2013\u00a0450,000 patients annually apply for anti-rabies treatment. In the absolute majority of cases human infection is caused by contact with infected animals. In RF, a number of cultured inactivated anti-rabies vaccines for medical and veterinary purposes have been developed, registered and used for specific prevention of rabies. These vaccine preparations have shown high effectiveness in preventing infection in domestic and farm animals. At the same time, the main reservoir of the rabies virus (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae: Lyssavirus) (RV) are wild carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora). For the purpose of their oral immunization, live virus vaccines from attenuated (fixed) strains of RV that are little resistant in the external environment are used. In Western Europe and North America there is successful experience with recombinant anti-rabies vaccine preparations containing a viral glycoprotein gene (G-protein). Such vaccines are safe for humans and animals. In Russia also had been developed a vector anti-rabies vaccine based on adenovirus (Adenoviridae), which can be used to combat this infection. Currently, in addition to classical rabies, diseases caused by new, previously unknown lyssaviruses (Lyssavirus) are becoming increasingly important. Bats (Mammalia: Microchiroptera) are their vectors. Cases of illness and death after contact with these animals have been described. In the near future, we should expect the development of new vaccines that will provide protection not only against RV, but also against other lyssaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36233\/0507-4088-102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T12:20:34Z","timestamp":1651839634000},"page":"107-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anti-rabies vaccines applied in the Russian Federation and perspectives for their improvement"],"prefix":"10.36233","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5798-6518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. L.","family":"Elakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"22004","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: first report. In: WHO. Technical Report Series. Geneva; 2004: 931. Available at: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/43262\/WHO_TRS_931_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed January 18, 2022)."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier T., Schwarting A., Mauer D., Ross R.S., Martens A., Kliem V., et al. Management and outcomes after multiple corneal and solid organ transplantations from a donor infected with rabies virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010; 50(8): 1112\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/651267","DOI":"10.1086\/651267"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041d.\u0421., \u0422\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c.\u0410., \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u041a. \u0411\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440. \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440; 2008."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0417\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e.\u041d., \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422.\u0412., \u0415\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u041b., \u041a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d-\u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a.\u0421., \u0410\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440 \u0422.\u0418., \u0427\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0421.\u0424., \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. 2016; 61(4): 186\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18821\/0507-4088-2016-61-4-186-192","DOI":"10.18821\/0507-4088-2016-61-4-186-192"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0417\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e.\u041d., \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422.\u0412., \u0413\u0443\u043b\u044e\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410.\u041c., \u0428\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410.\u0410., \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418.\u0412., \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0410.\u0415. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. 2017; 62(3): 101\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18821\/0507-4088-2017-62-3-101-108","DOI":"10.18821\/0507-4088-2017-62-3-101-108"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u041c\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u044f\u043d\u0446 \u0410.\u0410., \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0440 \u042e.\u0412. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0411\u0418\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. 2019; 19(1): 10\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30895\/2221-996X-2019-19-1-10-16","DOI":"10.30895\/2221-996X-2019-19-1-10-16"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0411\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410.\u042e., \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410.\u0412., \u041c\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u044f\u043d\u0446 \u0410.\u0410., \u0421\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043d \u041a.\u0410. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. 2019; 64(6): 298\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0507-4088-2019-64-6-298-305","DOI":"10.36233\/0507-4088-2019-64-6-298-305"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"\u0415\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u041b. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. VetPharma. 2013; 4: 32\u20134."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"\u0415\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u041b. \u041c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445. VetPharma. 2013; 5-6: 24\u20137."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"\u0415\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u041b., \u0423\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0412.\u0418., \u0411\u0430\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0414.\u041e., \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0413.\u0412., \u041c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0415.\u0412., \u041a\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0448\u043a\u043e \u041c.\u042e., \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043a\u043d.: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432; 2011: 208\u201311."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430 \u0421.\u0412., \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0414.\u041a., \u0429\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c.\u042e. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044b (Rhabdoviridae). \u0412 \u043a\u043d.: \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0414.\u041a., \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041c.: \u041c\u0418\u0410; 2013: 197\u2013202."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Lafon M., Ideler J., Wunner W. Investigation of the antigenic structure of rabies virus glycoprotein by monoclonal antibodies. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1983; 57: 219\u201325."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietzschold \u0412., Wiktor T.J., Wunner W.H., Varrichio A. Chemical and immunological analysis of the rabies soluble glycoprotein. Virology. 1983; 124(2): 330\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90349-5","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90349-5"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansfield K.L., Johnson N., Fooks A.R. Identification of a conserved linear epitope at the N terminus of the rabies virus glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 2004; 85(Pt. 11): 3279\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.80362-0","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80362-0"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takayama-Ito M., Ito N., Yamada K., Minamoto N., Sugiyama M. Region at amino acids 164 to 303 of the rabies virus glycoprotein plays an important role in pathogenicity for adult mice. J. Neurovirol. 2004; 10(2): 131\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13550280490279799","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280490279799"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuffereau C., Leblois H., B\u00e9n\u00e9jean J., Coulon P., Lafay F., Flamand A. Arginine or lysin in position 333 of ERA and CVS glycoprotein is necessary for rabies virulence in adult mice. Virology. 1989; 172(1): 206\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90122-0","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90122-0"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietzschold \u0412., Wunner W., Wiktor \u0422., Lopes A.D., Lafon M., Smith C.L., et al. Characterization of an antigenic determinant of the glycoprotein that correlates with pathogenicity of rabies virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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