{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T07:25:20Z","timestamp":1769153120792,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Central Research Institute for Epidemiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["virusjour.crie.ru"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Problems of Virology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses remain among the most dangerous bloodborne pathogens, posing a significant global public health threat.\r\nThe aim of our work was to assess the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV markers among dental patients and provide a molecular genetic characterization of the identified pathogens.\r\nMaterials and methods. We analyzed 497 plasma samples from individuals who sought dental care in St. Petersburg for serological and molecular markers of target infections. Viral genome fragments were sequenced and analyzed when molecular markers were detected.\r\nResults. Anti-HCV were detected in 3.8% (19\/497) of participants, with HCV RNA in 1% (5\/497). HIV Ag\/Ab was found in 1.2% (6\/497), with two cases (0.4%, 2\/497) confirmed by immunoblot; no HIV RNA was detected. HBsAg prevalence was 2.4% (12\/497), with anti-HBs in 32.0% (159\/497) and anti-HBc in 25.6% (127\/497) of participants. Significant age-related trends were observed: anti-HBs predominated in younger groups while anti-HBc was more frequent in older individuals. HBV DNA was detected in 3.8% (19\/497) of cases, including 1.8% (9\/497) HBsAg-negative infections. Predominant in the Russian Federation viral genotypes were identified (HCV: 1b, 2a, 3a; HBV: D1, D2, D3). One HCV isolate carried mutations associated with resistance to dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, and voxilaprevir. Multiple HBV isolates harbored concurrent mutations causing diagnostic escape (HBsAg-negative variants), reduced vaccine efficacy, viral reactivation, and disease progression.\r\nConclusions. The study reveals high viral hepatitis prevalence among dental patients. Detection of drug-resistant HCV variants and immune-evading HBV strains underscores the need for enhanced molecular surveillance, improved diagnostic protocols, and strengthened infection control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36233\/0507-4088-339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T19:16:12Z","timestamp":1767122172000},"page":"536-550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0372-9311-crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bloodborne infections in dental practice: prevalence of markers and phylogenetic analysis of circulating strains"],"prefix":"10.36233","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2270-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia V.","family":"Ostankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0547-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena N.","family":"Serikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr N.","family":"Schemelev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1882-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina V.","family":"Anufrieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena B.","family":"Zueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2061-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga S.","family":"Kreidik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution of Health \u00abCity Polyclinic No. 38\u00bb"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-2595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina B.","family":"Kusevitskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg State Institution of Health \u00abCity Clinical Hospital No. 31\u00bb"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5739-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonid Ya.","family":"Kusevitskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areg A.","family":"Totolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute"},{"name":"First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"22004","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salari N., Kazeminia M., Hemati N., Ammari-Allahyari M., Mohammadi M., Shohaimi S. Global prevalence of hepatitis C in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2022; 46: 102255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102255"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangkara B., Xaydalasouk K., Chanthavilay P., Kounnavong S., Sayasone S., Muller C.P., et al. Hepatitis B virus in Lao dentists: A cross-sectional serological study. Ann. Hepatol. 2020; 22: 100282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aohep.2020.10.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2020.10.010"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abalkhail A., Kabir R., Elmosaad Y.M., Alwashmi A.S.S., Alhumaydhi F.A., Alslamah T., et al. Needle-stick and sharp injuries among hospital healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(10): 6342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19106342","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106342"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Chen J.W., Wang J., Wang A.Q., Zhang J., Han L.H. Blood-borne occupation exposures in dental practice of medical staff: Status and protection. Chin. J. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis. 2020; 38(1): 29\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2020.01.006"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popova A.Yu., Gorbunova A.Yu., Ostankova Yu.V., Egorova S.A., Reingardt D.E., Ivanova A.R., et al. Herd immunity to hepatitis a virus in the Saint Petersburg and Leningrad region. Meditsinskaya immunologiya. 2025; 27(3): 625\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15789\/1563-0625-HIT-3224 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/yqusbr (in Russian)","DOI":"10.15789\/1563-0625-HIT-3224"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostankova Yu.V., Serikova E.N., Semenov A.V., Totolian A.A. Method for hepatitis B virus DNA detecting in biological material at low viral load based on nested PCR with detection on three viral targets in real-time mode. Klinicheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika. 2022; 67(9): 530\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51620\/0869-2084-2022-67-9-530-537 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/qndbzr (in Russian)","DOI":"10.51620\/0869-2084-2022-67-9-530-537"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reingardt D.E., Ostankova Yu.V., Anufrieva E.V., Semenov A.V., Totolian A.A. Technique for detection significant nucleotide substitutions in target genes based on the methodology for detection hepatitis C virus\u2019es resistance mutations. Klinicheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika. 2024; 69(4): 150\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51620\/0869-2084-2024-69-4-150-158 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/oayxyq (in Russian)","DOI":"10.51620\/0869-2084-2024-69-4-150-158"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostankova Y.V., Semenov A.V., Zueva E.B., Totolian A.A. The first cases of hepatitis B virus subgenotype D4 detection in patients with chronic, acute, and occult hepatitis B in the Russian Federation. Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology. 2020; 35(4): 221\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3103\/S0891416820040072 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/bbamjw","DOI":"10.3103\/S0891416820040072"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crossley B.M., Bai J., Glaser A., Maes R., Porter E., Killian M.L., et al. Guidelines for Sanger sequencing and molecular assay monitoring. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2020; 32(6): 767\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1040638720905833","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720905833"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleffe J., Wei\u00dfmann R., Schmitzberger F.F. Single nucleotide polymorphisms caused by assembly errors. Genomics Insights. 2010; 3: 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/GEI.S3653","DOI":"10.4137\/GEI.S3653"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chieochansin T., Puenpa J., Poovorawan Y. Phylogenetic molecular evolution and recombination analysis of complete genome of human parechovirus in Thailand. Sci. Rep. 2021; 11(1): 8572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-88124-8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88124-8"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y., Li J., Wu Q. Short tandem repeats of human genome are intrinsically unstable in cultured cells in vivo. Gene. 2023; 877: 147539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2023.147539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2023.147539"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brichler S., Lagathu G., Chekaraou M.A., Le Gal F., Edouard A., D\u00e9ny P., et al. African, Amerindian and European hepatitis B virus strains circulate on the Caribbean Island of Martinique. J. Gen. Virol. 2013; 94(Pt. 10): 2318\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.055459-0","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055459-0"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0103ndulescu M., Nicolescu M.I., Funieru C., \u015eahin G.\u00d6., S\u0103ndulescu O. Exposure to biological fluids in dental practice-narrative review on appropriate risk assessment to guide post-exposure management. Pathogens. 2023; 12(7): 968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12070968","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070968"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amkhadova M.A., Bogovskaya E.A., Remizova E.A., Boroday A. Infectious diseases related to the provision of medical care. Actual problems for health careers and patients. Meditsinskii alfavit. 2020; (12): 54\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33667\/2078-5631-2020-12-54-58 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/rllxbb (in Russian)","DOI":"10.33667\/2078-5631-2020-12-54-58"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garus-Pakowska A., G\u00f3rajski M., Szatko F. Knowledge and attitudes of dentists with respect to the risks of blood-borne pathogens \u2013 a cross-sectional study in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 14(1): 69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14010069","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010069"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa R.d.O., de Arruda J.A.A., Gomes A.I.F., Aguiar E.G., e Ferreira E.F., de Magalh\u00e3es C.S., et al. Perceptions and conducts of oral and maxillofacial surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. PLoS One. 2023; 18(6): e0286853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0286853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286853"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebastiani F.R., Dym H., Kirpalani T. Infection control in the dental office. Dent. Clin. North Am. 2017; 61(2): 435\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cden.2016.12.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2016.12.008"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotomayor-Castillo C., Li C., Kaufman-Francis K., Nahidi S., Walsh L.J., Liberali S.A., et al. Australian dentists\u2019 knowledge, preparedness, and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis. Health. 2022; 27(1): 49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idh.2021.10.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2021.10.001"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayatollahi J., Ayatollahi F., Ardekani A.M., Bahrololoomi R., Ayatollahi J., Ayatollahi A., et al. Occupational hazards to dental staff. Dent. Res. J. (Isfahan). 2012; 9(1): 2\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1735-3327.92919","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.92919"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candotti D., Laperche S. Hepatitis B virus blood screening: need for reappraisal of blood safety measures? Front. Med. (Lausanne). 2018; 5: 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2018.00029","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00029"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanova A.I., Kosogova A.Yu., Tegel\u2019skii D.K., Geyushova Ya.N., Sorokoumova A.A. Dental status of HIV-infected patients in Tyumen city and Tyumen district. Problemy stomatologii. 2024; 20(2): 89\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18481\/2077-7566-2024-20-2-89-93 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/mjvflj (in Russian)","DOI":"10.18481\/2077-7566-2024-20-2-89-93"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Monta\u00f1o R., Mart\u00ednez-Nieto M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Alvarez G.E., Alarc\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez M.A., Becerra-Ruiz J.S., Heboyan A., et al. Hepatitis and periodontal health: an emerging oral-liver axis. Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis. 2025; 16: 20406223251368090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20406223251368090","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223251368090"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley E.L.P., Vidot D.C., Gaul Z., Sutton M.Y., Pereyra M. Acceptability of oral rapid HIV testing at dental clinics in communities with high HIV prevalence in South Florida. PLoS One. 2018; 13(4): e0196323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0196323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196323"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakyonyi M.G., Birungi N., Mwesigwa C.L., \u00c5str\u00f8m A.N. Use of dental care services among adolescents living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment in Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2024; 24(1): 654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04426-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04426-z"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mendalawi M.D. Comment on: Prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and HIV among patients attending a teaching dental hospital. A 7-year retrospective study from the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Med. J. 2018; 39(9): 954\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15537\/smj.2018.9.22985","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2018.9.22985"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Pokrovskii V.V., Ladnaya N.N., Sokolova E.V., Buravtsova E.V. HIV infection. Informatsionnyi byulleten\u2019 Rossiiskogo fonda fundamental\u2019nykh issledovanii. 2008; (31): 3\u201324. https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/qcwksl (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anufrieva E.V., Serikova E.N., Ostankova Yu.V., Shchemelev A.N., Davydenko V.S., Reingardt D.E., et al. The structure of some blood-borne infections distribution among persons from penitentiary institutions the markers. VICH-infektsiya i immunosupressii. 2023; 15(3): 97\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22328\/2077-9828-2023-15-3-95-104 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/lsmcfg (in Russian)","DOI":"10.22328\/2077-9828-2023-15-3-95-104"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anufrieva E.V., Ostankova Yu.V., Serikova E.N., Shchemelev A.N., Davydenko V.S., Reingardt D.E., et al. Prevalence of serological and molecular-biological HIV-infection, HBV and HCV markers among medical workers. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2024; (4): 54\u201362. https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/ytxefi (in Russian)","DOI":"10.21055\/0370-1069-2024-4-54-62"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostankova Yu.V., Valutite D.E., Zueva E.B., Serikova E.N., Shchemelev A.N., Boumbaly S., et al. Primary HCV drug resistance mutations in patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2020; (3): 97\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21055\/0370-1069-2020-3-97-105 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/laroef (in Russian)","DOI":"10.21055\/0370-1069-2020-3-97-105"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khorkova E.V., Lyalina L.V., Mikailova O.M., Kovelenov A.Yu., Ostankova Yu.V., Valutite D.E., et al. Current issues of epidemiological surveillance of chronic viral hepatitis B, C, D and hepatocellular carcinoma at the regional level. Zdorov\u2019e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya \u2013 ZNISO. 2021; 29(8): 76\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35627\/2219-5238\/2021-29-8-76-84 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/mhcuqj (in Russian)","DOI":"10.35627\/2219-5238\/2021-29-8-76-84"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palanisamy N., Kalaghatgi P., Akaberi D., Lundkvist \u00c5., Chen Z.W., Hu P., et al. Worldwide prevalence of baseline resistance-associated polymorphisms and resistance mutations in HCV against current direct-acting antivirals. Antivir. Ther. 2018; 23(6): 485\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3851\/IMP3237","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3237"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akaberi D., Bergfors A., Kjellin M., Kameli N., Lidemalm L., Kolli B., et al. Baseline dasabuvir resistance in Hepatitis C virus from the genotypes 1, 2 and 3 and modeling of the NS5B-dasabuvir complex by the in silico approach. Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol. 2018; 8(1): 1528117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008686.2018.1528117","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2018.1528117"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessoa L.S., Vidal L.L., Costa E.C., Abreu C.M., Cunha R.D., Valad\u00e3o A.L., et al. Development of a rapid phenotypic test for HCV protease inhibitors with potential use in clinical decisions. Genet. Mol. Biol. 2016; 39(3): 358\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0022","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0022"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Reingardt D.E. Molecular-genetic characteristics of the hepatitis C virus in the context of direct-acting antiviral therapy: Diss. St. Petersburg; 2025. (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostankova Yu.V., Serikova E.N., Shirshova N.Yu., Kusevitskaya M.B., Gorskaya O.A., Basina V.V., et al. Prevalence of occult hepatitis b infection among blood donors in Saint Petersburg. Infektsiya i immunitet. 2023; 13(6): 1129\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15789\/2220-7619-POO-14480 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/xhpybw (in Russian)","DOI":"10.15789\/2220-7619-POO-14480"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarevic I., Banko A., Miljanovic D., Cupic M. Immune-escape hepatitis B virus mutations associated with viral reactivation upon immunosuppression. Viruses. 2019; 11(9): 778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11090778","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090778"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput M.K. Mutations and methods of analysis of mutations in Hepatitis B virus. AIMS Microbiol. 2020; 6(4): 401\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/microbiol.2020024","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2020024"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piermatteo L., D\u2019Anna S., Bertoli A., Bellocchi M., Carioti L., Fabeni L., et al. Unexpected rise in the circulation of complex HBV variants enriched of HBsAg vaccine-escape mutations in HBV genotype-D: potential impact on HBsAg detection\/quantification and vaccination strategies. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2023; 12(1): 2219347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2023.2219347","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2219347"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gencay M., H\u00fcbner K., Gohl P., Seffner A., Weizenegger M., Neofytos D., et al. Ultra-deep sequencing reveals high prevalence and broad structural diversity of hepatitis B surface antigen mutations in a global population. PLoS One. 2017; 12(5): e0172101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172101"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Qahtani A.A., Al-Anazi M.R., Nazir N., Abdo A.A., Sanai F.M., Al-Hamoudi W.K., et al. The correlation between hepatitis B virus precore\/core mutations and the progression of severe liver disease. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2018; 8: 355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00355","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00355"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar R. Review on hepatitis B virus precore\/core promoter mutations and their correlation with genotypes and liver disease severity. World J. Hepatol. 2022; 14(4): 708\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v14.i4.708","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v14.i4.708"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu S., Zhang H., Gu C., Yin J., He Y., Xie J., et al. Associations between hepatitis B virus mutations and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2009; 101: 1066\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djp180","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp180"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yll M., Cortese M.F., Guerrero-Murillo M., Orriols G., Gregori J., Casillas R., et al. Conservation and variability of hepatitis B core at different chronic hepatitis stages. World J. Gastroenterol. 2020; 26(20): 2584\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v26.i20.2584","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i20.2584"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuter T., Gomes-Gouvea M.S., Chuffi S., Duque U.H., Perini W., Azevedo R.S., et al. Core promoter and pre-core variants of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) are frequent in chronic hepatitis B HBeAg-negative patients infected by genotypes A and D. Viruses. 2023; 15(12): 2339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15122339","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122339"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanaei N., Hashemi S.M.A., Dehno S.Z.S., Asl M.M., Moini M., Malek-Hosseini S.A., et al. Precore\/core mutations of hepatitis B virus genotype D arising in different states of infection. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 2022; 8(1): 21\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/ceh.2022.114253","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2022.114253"}],"container-title":["Problems of Virology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/16818\/1059","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/16818\/1059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:07:40Z","timestamp":1769098060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/view\/16818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0507-4088-339","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-2097","0507-4088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-2097","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0507-4088","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]}}}