{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T13:07:19Z","timestamp":1779541639276,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"Central Research Institute for Epidemiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["virusjour.crie.ru"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Problems of Virology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an urgent threat to public health, and novel alternatives to traditional antibiotics are needed. One of the most promising options is bacteriophages, viruses that infect and destroy bacteria. Once overshadowed by the discovery of antibiotics, phage therapy is now regaining attention, driven by advances in genomics, synthetic biology, and targeted medicine. This review examines the biology, diversity, and therapeutic use of bacteriophages in treating bacterial infections, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. It also discusses how phages act through natural mechanisms, such as lytic enzymes (holins, endolysins, and muralysins), and highlights new genetic engineering techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas systems, phage recombineering, and synthetic genome reboots. In addition to clinical applications, we evaluate phages as biocontrol agents for food safety, environmental sanitation, and biofilm management. Additionally, the article explores key issues in phage therapy, including regulatory frameworks, formulation stability, dynamics of phage-host resistance, and the importance of rapid diagnosis. When properly integrated into modern health and biotechnology practices, bacteriophages offer significant potential and a sustainable solution to the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36233\/0507-4088-366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T16:12:15Z","timestamp":1778429535000},"page":"91-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0372-9311-crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viruses that heal: harnessing bacteriophages in the era of antibiotic resistance"],"prefix":"10.36233","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa A.","family":"Awotundun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olabisi Onabanjo University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0404-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyindamola J.","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olabisi Onabanjo University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afolake A.","family":"Olanbiwoninu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ajayi Crowther University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22004","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta J., Verma A. MICROBIOLOGY: The Science to the World of Microbes. In: Gupta J., Verma A., eds. Microbiology-2.0 Update for a Sustainable Future. Singapore: Springer; 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-99-9617-9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-9617-9_1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiland-Br\u00e4uer N. Friends or foes-microbial interactions in nature. Biology (Basel). 2021; 10(6): 496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10060496","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10060496"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordillo Altamirano F.L., Barr J.J. Unlocking the next generation of phage therapy: the key is in the receptors. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2021; 68: 115\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.10.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.10.002"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2024; 404(10459): 1199\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paneri M., Sevta P. Overview of antimicrobial resistance: an emerging silent pandemic. Glob. J. Med. Pharm. Biomed. Update. 2023; 18: 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/GJMPBU_153_2022","DOI":"10.25259\/GJMPBU_153_2022"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam M.A., Al-Amin M.Y., Salam M.T., Pawar J.S., Akhter N., Rabaan A.A., et al. Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health. Healthcare (Basel). 2023; 11(13): 1946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11131946","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flynn C.E., Guarner J. Emerging antimicrobial resistance. Mod. Pathol. 2023; 36(9): 100249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100249"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alara J.A., Alara O.R. An overview of the global alarming increase of multiple drug resistant: A major challenge in clinical diagnosis. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets. 2024; 24(3): e250723219043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871526523666230725103902","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526523666230725103902"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mithuna R., Tharanyalakshmi R., Jain I., Singhal S., Sikarwar D., Das S., et al. Emergence of antibiotic resistance due to the excessive use of antibiotics in medicines and feed additives: A global scenario with emphasis on the Indian perspective. Emerg. Contam. 2024; 10(4): 100389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100389"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muteeb G., Rehman M.T., Shahwan M., Aatif M. Origin of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, and their impacts on drug development: a narrative review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023; 16(11): 1615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16111615","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16111615"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatima Z., Purkait D., Rehman S., Rai S., Hameed S. Multidrug resistance: A threat to antibiotic era. In: Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters. Elsevier; 2023: 197\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-820509-9.00014-9","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820509-9.00014-9"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endale H., Mathewos M., Abdeta D. Potential causes of spread of antimicrobial resistance and preventive measures in one health perspective-a review. Infect. Drug Resist. 2023; 16: 7515\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/idr.s428837","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S428837"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"WHO. Antimicrobial resistance; 2023. Available at: https:\/\/who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"WHO. Bacteriophages and their use in combating antimicrobial resistance; 2025. Available at: https:\/\/who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/bacteriophages-and-their-use-in-combating-antimicrobial-resistance"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Schooley R.T. Exploring bacteriophage therapy for drug-resistant bacterial infections. Top. Antivir. Med. 2023; 31(1): 23\u201330."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samir S. Bacteriophages as therapeutic agents: alternatives to antibiotics. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 2021; 15(1): 25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1872208315666210121094311","DOI":"10.2174\/1872208315666210121094311"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taati Moghadam M., Amirmozafari N., Shariati A., Hallajzadeh M., Mirkalantari S., Khoshbayan A., et al. How phages overcome the challenges of drug resistant bacteria in clinical infections. Infect. Drug Resist. 2020; 13: 45\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S234353","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S234353"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty A., Shaw B., Pradeep N., Singh N.K., Venkateswaran K. Exploring the potential of bacteriophages on Earth and beyond. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 2023; 103: 711\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41745-023-00361-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s41745-023-00361-0"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batinovic S., Wassef F., Knowler S.A., Rice D.T.F., Stanton C.R., Rose J., et al. Bacteriophages in natural and artificial environments. Pathogens. 2019; 8(3): 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens8030100","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030100"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olawade D.B., Fapohunda O., Egbon E., Ebiesuwa O.A., Usman S.O., Faronbi A.O., et al. Phage therapy: A targeted approach to overcoming antibiotic resistance. Microb. Pathog. 2024; 197: 107088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107088"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khorsheed S.A. The impact of microorganisms on our environment and our life. GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci. 2023; 28(03): 248\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/gscbps.2024.28.3.0334","DOI":"10.30574\/gscbps.2024.28.3.0334"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu W.S., Huang L.N. Microbial diversity in extreme environments. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2022; 20(4): 219\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-021-00648-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00648-y"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta A., Gupta R., Singh R.L. Microbes and Environment. In: Singh R., eds. Principles and Applications of Environmental Biotechnology for a Sustainable Future. Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future. Singapore: Springer; 2017: 43\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-1866-4_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-1866-4_3"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeifer K., Ergal \u0130., Koller M., Basen M., Schuster B., Rittmann S.K.R. Archaea biotecnology. Biotechnol. Adv. 2021; 47: 107668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107668"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eme L., Spang A., Lombard J., Stairs C.W., Ettema T.J.G. Archaea and the origin of eukaryotes. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2017; 15(12): 711\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.133"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morton J.B. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology: Fungi. 3rd Edition. Elsevier; 2021.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820202-9.00006-X"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteban G.F., Fenchel T.M. What is a protozoon? In: Ecology of Protozoa. Cham: Springer; 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-59979-9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59979-9_1"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajpai P. Characteristics of Algae. In: Third Generation Biofuels. SpringerBriefs in Energy. Singapore: Springer; 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-2378-2_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2378-2_3"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarsan S., Pandiyan A., Rodhe A.V., Jagavat, S. Synergistic interactions among microbial communities. In: Singh R.P., Manchanda G., Bhattacharjee K., Panosyan H., eds. Microbes in Microbial Communities. Singapore: Springer; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-5617-0_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5617-0_1"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiland-Br\u00e4uer N. Symbiotic interactions of archaea in animal and human microbiomes. Curr. Clin. Micro Rpt. 2023; 10(4): 161\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40588-023-00204-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-023-00204-7"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dicks L.M.T., Vermeulen W. Bacteriophage\u2013host interactions and the therapeutic potential of bacteriophages. Viruses. 2024; 16(3): 478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16030478","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030478"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayaz M., Li C.H., Ali Q., Zhao W., Chi Y.K., Shafiq M., et al. Bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents for plant disease protection: journey from lab to field, current status, challenges, and global perspectives. Molecules. 2023; 28(18): 6735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28186735","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186735"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J., Wang C., Liang W., Liu S. Rhizosphere microbiome: the emerging barrier in plant-pathogen interactions. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12: 772420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.772420","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.772420"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolus H., Van Dyck K., Van Dijck P. Candida albicans and Staphylococcus species: a threatening twosome. Front. Microbiol. 2019; 10: 2162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02162","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02162"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Ireland T. The Good Virus: The Amazing Story and Forgotten Promise of the Phage. WW Norton & Company; 2023."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson K.E. Viruses. In: Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology. 3rd Edition. Elsevier; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-820202-9.00009-5","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820202-9.00009-5"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner D., Kropinski A.M., Adriaenssens E.M. A roadmap for genome-based phage taxonomy. Viruses. 2021; 13(3): 506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13030506","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030506"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adriaenssens E.M., Sullivan M.B., Knezevic P., van Zyl L.J., Sarkar B.L., Dutilh B.E., et al. Taxonomy of prokaryotic viruses: 2018-2019 update from the ICTV Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee. Arch. Virol. 2020; 165(5): 1253\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-020-04577-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04577-8"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinke M., Schr\u00f6der G.F., Lange A. Major tail proteins of bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales. J. Biol. Chem. 2022; 298(1): 101472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101472"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chevallereau A., Pons B.J., van Houte S., Westra E.R. Interactions between bacterial and phage communities in natural environments. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2022; 20(1): 49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-021-00602-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00602-y"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortright K.E., Chan B.K., Koff J.L., Turner P.E. Phage therapy: a renewed approach to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Cell Host Microbe. 2019; 25(2): 219\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.014"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibarra-Ch\u00e1vez R., Hansen M.F., Pinilla-Redondo R., Seed K.D., Trivedi U. Phage satellites and their emerging applications in biotechnology. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2021; 45(6): fuab031. https:\/\/doi.org\/s10.1093\/femsre\/fuab031","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab031"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandamme E.J., Mortelmans K. A century of bacteriophage research and applications: impacts on biotechnology, health, ecology and the economy. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2019; 94(2): 323\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jctb.5810","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5810"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman A., Lai X. Combination therapy for cancer with oncolytic virus and checkpoint inhibitor: a mathematical model. PLoS One. 2018; 13(2): e0192449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0192449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192449"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMinn B.R., Ashbolt N.J., Korajkic A. Bacteriophages as indicators of faecal pollution and enteric virus removal. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2017; 65(1): 11\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lam.12736","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12736"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arredondo-Hernandez L.J., Diaz-Avalos C., Lopez-Vidal Y., Castillo-Rojas G., Mazari-Hiriart M. FRNA bacteriophages as viral indicators of faecal contamination in Mexican tropical aquatic systems. PLoS One. 2017; 2(1): e0170399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170399","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170399"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parent K.N., Erb M.L., Cardone G., Nguyen K., Gilcrease E.B., Porcek N.B., et al. OmpA and OmpC are critical host factors for bacteriophage Sf6 entry in Shigella. Mol. Microbiol. 2014; 92(1): 47\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.12536","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12536"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakhetia R., Verma N.K. Identi\ufb01cation and molecular characterisation of a novel mu-like bacteriophage SfMu, of Shigella flexneri. PLoS One. 2015; 10(4): e0124053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0124053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124053"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faruque S.M., Bin Naser I., Fjihara K., Diraphat P., Chowdhury, N., Kamruzzaman M., et al. Genomic sequence and receptor for the Vibrio cholerae phage KSF-1\u03a6: evolutionary divergence among filamentous vibriophages mediating lateral gene transfer. Journal of bacteriology, 2005; 187(12): 4095-4103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.187.12.4095-4103.2005","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.12.4095-4103.2005"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das B., Mart\u00ednez E., Midonet C., Barre F.X. Integrative mobile elements exploiting Xer recombination. Trends Microbiol. 2013; 21(1): 23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2012.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.10.003"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattnaik A., Pati S., Samal S.K. Bacteriophage as a potential biotherapeutics to combat present-day crisis of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Heliyon. 2024; 10(18): e37489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37489"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seed K.D., Faruque S.M., Mekalanos J.J., Calderwood S.B., Qadri F., Camilli A. Phase variable O antigen biosynthetic genes control expression of the major protective antigen and bacteriophage receptor in Vibrio cholerae O1. PLoS Pathog. 2012; 8(9): 1002917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002917"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita M., Tanji Y., Mizoguchi K., Akitsu T., Kijima N., Unno H. Characterization of a virulent bacteriophage specific for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and analysis of its cellular receptor and two tail fiber genes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2002; 211(1): 77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11206.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11206.x"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry L.L., SanMiguel P., Minocha U., Terekhov A.I., Shroyer M.L., Farris L.A., et al. Sequence analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteriophage \u00ce\u00a6V10 and identification of a phage-encoded immunity protein that modifies the O157 antigen. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2009; 292(2): 182\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01511.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01511.x"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt A., Rabsch W., Broeker N.K., Barbirz S. Bacteriophage tailspike protein based assay to monitor phase variable glucosylations in Salmonella O-antigens. BMC Microbiol. 2016; 16(1): 207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-016-0826-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0826-0"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen M.C., van Alphen L.B., Harboe A., Li J., Christensen B.B., Szymanski C.M., et al. Bacteriophage F336 recognizes the capsular phosphoramidate modification of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168. J. Bacteriol. 2011; 193(23): 6742\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.05276-11","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05276-11"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldvinsson S.B., S\u00f8rensen M.C., Vegge C.S., Clokie M.R., Br\u00f8ndsted L. Campylobacter jejuni motility is required for infection of the flagellotropic bacteriophage F341. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2014; 80(22): 7096\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02057-14","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02057-14"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le S., He X., Tan Y., Huang G., Zhang L., Lux R., et al. Mapping the tail fiber as the receptor binding protein responsible for differential host specificity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophages PaP1 and JG004. PLoS One. 2013; 8(7): e68562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0068562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068562"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan X., Cui X., Zhang F., He Y., Li L., Yang H. Genetic evidence for O-specific antigen as receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage K8 and its genomic analysis. Frontiers in microbiology. 2016; 2(7): 252.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00252"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillis A., Mahillon J. Phages preying on Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis: past, present and future. Viruses. 2014; 6(7): 2623\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v6072623","DOI":"10.3390\/v6072623"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop-Lilly K.A., Plaut R.D., Chen P.E., Akmal A., Willner K.M., Butani A., et al. Whole genome sequencing of phage resistant Bacillus anthracis mutants reveals an essential role for cell surface anchoring protein CsaB in phage AP50c adsorption. Virol. J. 2012; 9: 246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422x-9-246","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-246"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia G., Corrigan R.M., Winstel V., Goerke C., Gr\u00fcndling A., Peschel A. Wall teichoic acid-dependent adsorption of staphylococcal siphovirus and myovirus. J. Bacteriol. 2011; 193(15): 4006\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.01412-10","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01412-10"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneko J., Narita-Yamada S., Wakabayashi Y., Kamio Y. Identification of ORF636 in phage SLT carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes, acting as an adhesion protein for a poly(glycerophosphate) chain of lipoteichoic acid on the cell surface of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 2009; 191(14): 4674\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.01793-08","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01793-08"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielmann R., Habann M., Eugster M.R., Lurz R., Calendar R., Klumpp J., et al. Receptor binding proteins of Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophages A118 and P35 recognize serovar-specific teichoic acids. Virology. 2015; 477: 110\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2014.12.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.12.035"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cisek A.A., D\u0105browska I., Gregorczyk K.P., Wy\u017cewski Z. Phage therapy in bacterial infections treatment: one hundred years after the discovery of bacteriophages. Curr. Microbiol. 2017; 74(2): 277\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-016-1166-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-016-1166-x"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H., Hu Z., Li M., Yang Y., Lu S., Rao X. Therapeutic potential of bacteriophage endolysins for infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. J. Biomed. Sci. 2023; 30(1): 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12929-023-00919-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00919-1"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boroujeni M.B., Mohebi S., Malekian A., Shahraeini S.S., Gharagheizi Z., Shahkolahi S., et al. The therapeutic effect of engineered phage, derived protein and enzymes against superbug bacteria. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2024; 121(1): 82\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.28581","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28581"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur R., Sethi N. Phage therapy as an alternative treatment in the fight against AMR: real-world problems and possible futures. In: Akhtar N., Singh K.S., Prerna, Goyal D., eds. Emerging Modalities in Mitigation of Antimicrobial Resistance. Cham: Springer; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-84126-3_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84126-3_15"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain W., Yang X., Ullah M., Wang H., Aziz A., Xu F., et al. Genetic engineering of bacteriophages: Key concepts, strategies, and applications. Biotechnol. Adv. 2023; 64: 108116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2023.108116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2023.108116"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azam A.H., Tan X.E., Veeranarayanan S., Kiga K., Cui L. Bacteriophage technology and modern medicine. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021; 10(8): 999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10080999","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080999"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires D.P., Cleto S., Sillankorva S., Azeredo J., Lu T.K. Genetically engineered phages: a review of advances over the last decade. Microbiol. Mol. Boil. Rev. 2016; 80(3): 523\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MMBR.00069-15","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00069-15"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twort F.W. An investigation on the nature of ultra-microscopic viruses. Lancet. 1915; 186: 1241\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)20383-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)20383-3"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"d\u2019H\u00e9relle F. Sur un microbe invisible antagoniste des bacilles dysent\u00e9riques. C R Acad. Sci. Ser. D. 1917; 165: 373\u20135."},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Bruynoghe R., Maisin J. Essais de th\u00e9rapeutique au moyen du bacteriophage. C R Soc. Biol. 1921; 85: 1120\u20131."},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"d\u2019H\u00e9relle F. Le bact\u00e9riophage: son r\u00f4le dans l\u2019immunit\u00e9. Paris: Masson et Cie; 1921."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordillo Altamirano F.L., Barr J.J. Phage therapy in the postantibiotic era. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2019; 32(2): e00066-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00066-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00066-18"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanishvili N. Bacteriophages as therapeutic and prophylactic means: summary of the Soviet and post Soviet experiences. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2016; 13(3): 309\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/156720181303160520193946","DOI":"10.2174\/156720181303160520193946"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wittebole X., De Roock S., Opal S.M. A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence. 2014; 5(1): 226\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/viru.25991","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25991"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y., Batra H., Dong J., Chen C., Rao V.B., Tao P. Genetic engineering of bacteriophages against infectious diseases. Front. Microbiol. 2019; 10: 954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00954","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00954"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao B., Li Y., Yang T., Bao Q., Yang M., Mao C. Bacteriophage-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2019; 145: 73\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2018.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.11.004"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez-Chamorro L., Boulanger P., Rossier O. Strategies for bacteriophage T5 mutagenesis: expanding the toolbox for phage genome engineering. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12: 667332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.667332","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.667332"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilcher S., Loessner M.J. Engineering bacteriophages as versatile biologics. Trends Microbiol. 2018; 27(4): 355\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.006"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenneman B.R., Fernbach J., Loessner M.J., Lu T.K., Kilcher S. Enhancing phage therapy through synthetic biology and genome engineering. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2021; 68: 151\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.11.003"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaschke P.R., Lieberman E.K., Rodriguez J., Sierra A., Endy D. A fully decompressed synthetic bacteriophage \u00f8X174 genome assembled and archived in yeast. Virology. 2012; 434(2): 278\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.020"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilcher S., Studer P., Muessner C., Klumpp J., Loessner M.J. Cross-genus rebooting of custom-made, synthetic bacteriophage genomes in L-form bacteria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2018; 115(3): 567\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1714658115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714658115"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kouprina N., Larionov V. Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning for genomics studies and synthetic biology. Chromosoma, 2016; 125(4): 621\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00412-016-0588-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-016-0588-3"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payaslian F., Gradaschi V., Piuri M. Genetic manipulation of phages for therapy using BRED. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2021; 68: 8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.09.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.09.005"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinelli L.J., Hatfull G.F., Piuri M. Recombineering: a powerful tool for modification of bacteriophage genomes. Bacteriophage. 2012; 2(1): 5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/bact.18778","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.18778"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinelli L.J., Piuri M., Swigonov\u00e1 Z., Balachandran A., Oldfield L.M., van Kessel J.C., et al. BRED: a simple and powerful tool for constructing mutant and recombinant bacteriophage genomes. PLoS One. 2008; 3(12): e3957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003957"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dedrick R.M., Guerrero-Bustamante C.A., Garlena R.A., Russell D.A., Ford K., Harris K., et al. Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of a patient with a disseminated drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus. Nat. Med. 2019; 25(5): 730\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0437-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0437-z"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milho C., Sillankorva S. Implication of a gene deletion on a Salmonella Enteritidis phage growth parameters. Virus Res. 2022; 308: 198654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198654"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li M., Lin H., Jing Y., Wang J. Broad-host-range Salmonella bacteriophage STP4-a and its potential application evaluation in poultry industry. Poult. Sci. 2020; 99(7): 3643\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.051"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loose M., S\u00e1ez Moreno D., Mutti M., Hitzenhammer E., Visram Z., Dippel D., et al. Natural bred \u03b52-phages have an improved host range and virulence against uropathogenic Escherichia coli over their ancestor phages. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021; 10(11): 1337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10111337","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111337"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen J.D., Parks A.R., Adhya S., Rattray A.J., Court D.L. \u03bb recombineering used to engineer the genome of phage T7. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020; 9(11): 805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9110805","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110805"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan Y.J., Lin T.L., Chen C.C., Tsai Y.T., Cheng Y.H., Chen Y.Y., et al. Klebsiella phage \u03a6K64-1 encodes multiple depolymerases for multiple host capsular types. J. Virol. 2017; 91(6): e02457-16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.02457-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02457-16"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robb G.B. Genome editing with CRISPR\u2010Cas: an overview. Curr. Protoc. Essent. Lab. Tech. 2019; 19(1): e36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpet.36","DOI":"10.1002\/cpet.36"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bari S.M.N., Walker F.C., Cater K., Aslan B., Hatoum-Aslan A. Strategies for editing virulent staphylococcal phages using CRISPR-Cas10. ACS Synth. Biol. 2017; 6(12): 2316\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssynbio.7b00240","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.7b00240"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Box A.M., McGuffie M.J., O\u2019Hara B.J., Seed K.D. Functional analysis of bacteriophage immunity through a type IE CRISPR-Cas system in Vibrio cholerae and its application in bacteriophage genome engineering. J. Bacteriol. 2016; 198(3): 578\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00747-15","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00747-15"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng Y., Li Y., Zhou K., Li T., VanDusen N.J., Hua Y. Precise genome-editing in human diseases: mechanisms, strategies and applications. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2024; 9(1): 47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-024-01750-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01750-2"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiro R., Shitrit D., Qimron U. Efficient engineering of a bacteriophage genome using the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system. RNA Biol. 2014; 11(1): 42\u20134.","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.27766"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hupfeld M., Trasanidou D., Ramazzini L., Klumpp J., Loessner M.J., Kilcher S. A functional type II-A CRISPR\u2013Cas system from Listeria enables efficient genome editing of large non-integrating bacteriophage. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018; 46(13): 6920\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gky544","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky544"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varble A., Meaden S., Barrangou R., Westra E.R., Marraffini L.A. Recombination between phages and CRISPR\u2212cas loci facilitates horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci. Nat. Microbiol. 2019; 4(6): 956\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-019-0400-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0400-2"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhargava K., Nath G., Bhargava A., Aseri G.K., Jain N. Phage therapeutics: from promises to practices and prospectives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021; 105(24): 9047\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-021-11695-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11695-z"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo-Calap P., Delgado-Mart\u00ednez J. Bacteriophages: protagonists of a post-antibiotic era. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018; 7(3): 66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics7030066","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7030066"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esmael A., Azab E., Gobouri A.A., Nasr-Eldin M.A., Moustafa M.M.A., Mohamed S.A., et al. Isolation and characterization of two lytic bacteriophages infecting a multi-drug resistant salmonella typhimurium and their efficacy to combat salmonellosis in ready-to-use foods. Microorganism. 2021; 9(2): 423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9020423","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020423"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eskenazi A., Lood C., Wubbolts J., Hites M., Balarjishvili N., Leshkasheli L., et al. Combination of pre-adapted bacteriophage therapy and antibiotics for treatment of fracture-related infection due to pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nat. Commun. 2022; 13(1): 302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-27656-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27656-z"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang R.Y.K., Chen K., Wang J., Wallin M., Britton W., Morales S., et al. Proof-of-principle study in a murine lung infection model of antipseudomonal activity of phage PEV20 in a dry-powder formulation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2018; 62(2): e01714-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01714-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01714-17"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galtier M., De Sordi L., Sivignon A., de Vall\u00e9e A., Maura D., Neut C., et al. Bacteriophages targeting adherent invasive Escherichia coli strains as a promising new treatment for Crohn\u2019s disease. J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis. 2017; 11(7): 840\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw224","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw224"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng C., Hanawa T., Azam A.H., LeBlanc C., Ung P., Matsuda T., et al. Silviavirus phage \u0278MR003 displays a broad host range against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of human origin. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019; 103(18): 7751\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-019-10039-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10039-2"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li P., Li Z., Peng W., Li X., Guo G., Chen L., et al. Antimicrobial potential of a novel K5-specific phage and its recombinant strains against Klebsiella pneumoniae in milk. Journal of dairy science. 2025; 108(7): 6788-6802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2024-25895","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25895"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abedon S.T. Commentary: phage therapy of staphylococcal chronic osteomyelitis in experimental animal model. Front. Microbiol. 2016; 7: 1251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01251","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01251"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishor C., Mishra R.R., Saraf S.K., Kumar M., Srivastav A.K., Nath G. Phage therapy of staphylococcal chronic osteomyelitis in experimental animal model. Indian J. Med. Res. 2016; 143(1): 87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0971-5916.178615","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.178615"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghadam M.T., Khoshbayan A., Chegini Z., Farahani I., Shariati A. Bacteriophages, a new therapeutic solution for inhibiting multidrug-resistant bacteria causing wound infection: lesson from animal models and clinical trials. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 2020; 14: 1867\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S251171","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S251171"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus S., Fletcher M.L., \u0141api\u0144ska U., Chawla K., Baker E., Attrill E.L., et al. Phage-induced efflux down-regulation boosts antibiotic efficacy. PLoS Pathog. 2024; 20(6): e1012361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012361"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Anany A.M., Fatima R., Nair G., Mayol J.T., Hynes A.P. Temperate phage-antibiotic synergy across antibiotic classes reveals new mechanism for preventing lysogeny. mBio. 2024; 15(6): e0050424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00504-24","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00504-24"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azam A.H., Sato K., Miyanaga K., Nakamura T., Ojima S., Kondo K., et al. Selective bacteriophages reduce the emergence of resistant bacteria in bacteriophage-antibiotic combination therapy. Microbiol. Spectr. 2024; 12(6): e0042723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00427-23","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00427-23"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loganathan A., Bozdogan B., Manohar P., Nachimuthu R. Phage-antibiotic combinations in various treatment modalities to manage MRSA infections. Front. Pharmacol. 2024; 15: 1356179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1356179","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1356179"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo J., Liu M., Ai W., Zheng X., Liu S., Huang K., et al. Synergy of lytic phage pB23 and meropenem combination against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2024; 68(6): e0044824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00448-24","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00448-24"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee A., Johnson C.N., Luong P., Hullahalli K., McBride S.W., Schubert A.M., et al. Bacteriophage resistance alters antibiotic-mediated intestinal expansion of Enterococci. Infect. Immun, 2019; 87(6): e00085-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00085-19","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00085-19"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cafora M., Deflorian G., Forti F., Ferrari L., Binelli G., Briani F., et al. Phage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a cystic fibrosis zebrafish model. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1): 1527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-37636-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37636-x"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakasis A., Panitsa G. Bacteriophage therapy as an alternative treatment for human infections. A comprehensive review. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2019; 53(1): 16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.004"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schooley R.T., Biswas B., Gill J.J., Hernandez-Morales A., Lancaster J., Lessor L., et al. Development and use of personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic cocktails to treat a patient with a disseminated resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(10): e00954-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00954-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00954-17"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law N., Logan C., Yung G., Furr C.L., Lehman S.M., Morales S., et al. Successful adjunctive use of bacteriophage therapy for treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a cystic fibrosis patient. Infection. 2019; 47(4): 665\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-019-01319-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01319-0"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards S.J.L., Tao Y., Elias R., Schooley R. Considerations for prioritising clinical research using bacteriophage. Essays Biochem. 2024; 68(5): 679\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/EBC20240013","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20240013"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endersen L., Coffey A. The use of bacteriophages for food safety. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2020; 36: 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.10.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.10.006"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi M., Karimi Torshizi M.A., Rahimi S., Dennehy J.J. Prophylactic bacteriophage administration more effective than post-infection administration in reducing Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis shedding in quail. Front. Microbiol. 2016; 7: 1253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01253","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01253"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngassam-Tchamba C., Duprez J.N., Fergestad M., De Visscher A., L\u2019Abee-Lund T., De Vliegher S., et al. In vitro and in vivo assessment of phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2020; 22: 762\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.06.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.06.020"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titze I., Kr\u00f6mker V. Antimicrobial activity of a phage mixture and a lactic acid bacterium against Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. Vet. Sci. 2020; 7(1): 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci7010031","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7010031"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng H., Zou W., Zhang M., Xu L., Liu F., Li X., et al. Evaluation of phage therapy in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice. Folia Microbiol. (Praha). 2020; 65(2): 339\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12223-019-00729-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00729-9"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao Y., Li S., Han S., Wang D., Zhao J., Xu L., et al. Characterization and application of a novel Aeromonas bacteriophage as treatment for pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 2020; 523: 735193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735193"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu A., Liu Y., Peng L., Cai X., Shen L., Duan M., et al. Characterization of the narrow-spectrum bacteriophage LSE7621 towards Salmonella Enteritidis and its biocontrol potential on lettuce and tofu. LWT. 2020; 118: 108791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108791"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong C.W.Y., Delaquis P., Goodridge L., L\u00e9vesque R.C., Fong K., Wang S. Inactivation of Salmonella enterica on post-harvest cantaloupe and lettuce by a lytic bacteriophage cocktail. Curr. Res. Food Sci. 2019; 2: 25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crfs.2019.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2019.11.004"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deka D., Annapure U.S., Shirkole S.S., Thorat B.N. Bacteriophages: an organic approach to food decontamination. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2022; 46(10): e16101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfpp.16101","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.16101"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jagannathan B.V., Dakoske M., Vijayakumar P.P. Bacteriophage-mediated control of pre-and post-harvest produce quality and safety. LWT. 2022; 169: 113912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113912"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garvey M. Bacteriophages and food production: biocontrol and bio-preservation options for food safety. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(10): 1324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11101324","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101324"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perera M.N., Abuladze T., Li M., Woolston J., Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophage cocktail significantly reduces or eliminates Listeria monocytogenes contamination on lettuce, apples, cheese, smoked salmon and frozen foods. Food Microbiol. 2015; 52: 42\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2015.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.06.006"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vikram A., Tokman J.I., Woolston J., Sulakvelidze A. Phage biocontrol improves food safety by significantly reducing the level and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in various foods. J. Food Prot. 2020; 83(4): 668\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4315\/0362-028x.jfp-19-433","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-433"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X., Niu Y.D., Nan Y., Stanford K., Holley R., McAllister T., et al. SalmoFresh\u2122 effectiveness in controlling Salmonella on romaine lettuce, mung bean sprouts and seeds. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2019; 305: 108250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108250"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukumaran A.T., Nannapaneni R., Kiess A., Sharma C.S. Reduction of Salmonella on chicken breast fillets stored under aerobic or modified atmosphere packaging by the application of lytic bacteriophage preparation SalmoFreshTM. Poult. Sci. 2016; 95(3): 668\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pev332","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev332"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Listex\u2122 P100 for reduction of pathogens on different ready\u2010to\u2010eat (RTE) food products. EFSA J. 2016; 14(8): e04565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4565","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4565"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Accolti M., Soffritti I., Bini F., Mazziga E., Arnoldo L., Volta A., et al. Potential use of a combined bacteriophage\u2013probiotic sanitation system to control microbial contamination and AMR in healthcare settings: a pre-post intervention study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023; 24(7): 6535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24076535","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076535"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Z., Yang Y., Li G., Huang Y., Luo Y., Le S. Effective elimination of bacteria on hard surfaces by the combined use of bacteriophages and chemical disinfectants. Microbiol. Spectr. 2024a; 12(4): e0379723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03797-23","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03797-23"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzam M.I., ElSayed E.E., Gado M.M., Korayem A.S. New phage-based wastewater pollution control solution with safe reuse. Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag. 2024; 21: 100951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enmm.2024.100951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enmm.2024.100951"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivaram K.B., Bhatt P., Applegate B., Simsek H. Bacteriophage-based biocontrol technology to enhance the efficiency of wastewater treatment and reduce targeted bacterial biofilms. Sci. Total Environ. 2023; 862: 160723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160723"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reisoglu \u015e., Aydin S. Bacteriophages as a promising approach for the biocontrol of antibiotic resistant pathogens and the reconstruction of microbial interaction networks in wastewater treatment systems: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2023; 890: 164291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164291"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon J., Park J.H., Yong D. Efficacy of bacteriophage treatment against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Galleria mellonella larvae and a mouse model of acute pneumonia. BMC Microbiol. 2019; 19(1): 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-019-1443-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1443-5"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dufour N., Clermont O., La Combe B., Messika J., Dion S., Khanna V., et al. Bacteriophage LM33_P1, a fast-acting weapon against the pandemic ST131-O25b:H4 Escherichia coli clonal complex. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2016; 71(11): 3072\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkw253","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw253"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raz A., Serrano A., Hernandez A., Euler C.W., Fischetti V.A. Isolation of phage lysins that effectively kill pseudomonas aeruginosa in mouse models of lung and skin infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2019; 63(7): e00024-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00024-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00024-19"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasani M.S., Eftekhar F. Potential of a bacteriophage isolated from wastewater in treatment of lobar pneumonia infection induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. Curr. Microbiol. 2020; 77(10): 2650\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-020-02041-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02041-z"},{"key":"ref150","unstructured":"Jasim H.N., Hafidh R.R., Abdulamir A.S. Formation of therapeutic phage cocktail and endolysin to highly multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: in vitro and in vivo study. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2018; 21(11): 1100\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/IJBMS.2018.27307.6665"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang C., Li P., Niu W., Yuan X., Liu H., Huang Y., et al. Protective and therapeutic application of the depolymerase derived from a novel KN1 genotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophage in mice. Res. Microbiol. 2019; 170(3): 156\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resmic.2019.01.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2019.01.003"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvi I.A., Asif M., Tabassum R., Aslam R., Abbas Z., Rehman S.U. RLP, a bacteriophage of the family Podoviridae, rescues mice from bacteremia caused by multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch. Virol. 2020; 165(6): 1289\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-020-04601-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04601-x"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lood R., Winer B.Y., Pelzek A.J., Diez-Martinez R., Thandar M., Euler C.W., et al. Novel phage lysin capable of killing the multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse bacteremia model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2015; 59(4): 1983\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.04641-14","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04641-14"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouse M.D., Stanbro J., Roman J.A., Lipinski M.A., Jacobs A., Biswas B., et al. Impact of frequent administration of bacteriophage on therapeutic efficacy in an A. baumannii mouse wound infection model. Front. Microbiol. 2020; 11: 414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00414","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00414"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi V., Yadav P., Verma A., Pandit J.K. Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of microemulsion based transdermal delivery of E. coli specific T4 bacteriophage: A rationale approach to treat bacterial infection. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2017; 107: 168\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.07.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.07.014"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peez C., Chen B., Henssler L., Chitt\u00f2 M., Onsea J., Verhofstad M.H.J., et al. Evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of phage therapy in treating fracture-related infections with multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: intravenous versus local application in sheep. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2025; 15: 1547250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1547250","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1547250"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jault P., Leclerc T., Jennes S., Pirnay J.P., Que Y.A., Resch G., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1\/2 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2019; 19(1): 35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ujmajuridze A., Chanishvili N., Goderdzishvili M., Leitner L., Mehnert U., Chkhotua A., et al. Adapted bacteriophages for treating urinary tract infections. Front. Microbiol. 2018; 9: 1832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01832","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01832"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nir-Paz R., Gelman D., Khouri A., Sisson B.M., Fackler J., Alkalay-Oren S., et al. Successful treatment of antibiotic-resistant, poly-microbial bone infection with bacteriophages and antibiotics combination. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2019; 69(11): 2015\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz222","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz222"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baquero F., Levin B.R. Proximate and ultimate causes of the bactericidal action of antibiotics. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2021; 19(2): 123\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-020-00443-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00443-1"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng H., Borg R.E., Dow L.P., Pruitt B.L., Chen I.A. Controlled phage therapy by photothermal ablation of specific bacterial species using gold nanorods targeted by chimeric phages. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2020; 117(4): 1951\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1913234117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913234117"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinwotu S.T., Fapohunda O. War against antimicrobial resistance. J. Microbiol. Exp. 2020; 8(4): 148\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15406\/jmen.2020.08.00300","DOI":"10.15406\/jmen.2020.08.00300"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullen N.P., Johnson C.N., Andersen S.E., Arya G., Marotta S.R., Lee Y.J., et al. An enterococcal phage protein inhibits type IV restriction enzymes involved in antiphage defense. Nat. Commun. 2024; 15(1): 6955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-51346-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51346-1"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Q., Zhang F., Bai J., Che Q., Xiang L., Zhang Z., et al. Bacteriophage-resistant carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae shows reduced antibiotic resistance and virulence. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2024b; 64(2): 107221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107221"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017baczek M., G\u00f3rski A., Skaradzi\u0144ska A., \u0141usiak-Szelachowska M., Weber-D\u0105browska B. Phage penetration of eukaryotic cells: practical implications. Future Virol. 2019; 14(11): 745\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fvl-2019-0110","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2019-0110"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canning J.S., Laucirica D.R., Ling K.M., Nicol M.P., Stick S.M., Kicic A. Phage therapy to treat cystic fibrosis Burkholderia cepacia complex lung infections: perspectives and challenges. Front. Microbiol. 2024; 15: 1476041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1476041","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1476041"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manohar P., Tamhankar A.J., Leptihn S., Ramesh N. Pharmacological and immunological aspects of phage therapy. Infect. Microbes Dis. 2019; 1(2): 34\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IM9.0000000000000013","DOI":"10.1097\/IM9.0000000000000013"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang X., Fan C., Zeng G., Zhong L., Li C., Ren X., et al. Phage-host interactions: the neglected part of biological wastewater treatment. Water Res. 2022; 226: 119183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119183"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman A.H., Kotey F.C.N., Odoom A., Darkwah S., Yeboah R.K., Dayie N.T.K.D., et al. The potential of bacteriophage-antibiotic combination therapy in treating infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023; 12(8): 1329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12081329","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081329"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling H., Lou X., Luo Q., He Z., Sun M., Sun J. Recent advances in bacteriophage-based therapeutics: Insight into the post-antibiotic era. Acta Pharm. Sin. B, 2022; 12(12): 4348\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.05.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.05.007"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal R., Johnson C.T., Imhoff B.R., Donlan R.M., McCarty N.A., Garc\u00eda A.J. Inhaled bacteriophage-loaded polymeric microparticles ameliorate acute lung infections. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2018; 2(11): 841\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-018-0263-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0263-5"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang R.Y., Wong J., Mathai A., Morales S., Kutter E., Britton W., et al. Production of highly stable spray dried phage formulations for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2017; 121: 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.09.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.09.002"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung S.S., Parumasivam T., Gao F.G., Carrigy N.B., Vehring R., Finlay W.H., et al. Production of inhalation phage powders using spray freeze drying and spray drying techniques for treatment of respiratory infections. Pharm. Res. 2016; 33(6): 1486\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-016-1892-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-016-1892-6"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mary A.S., Muthuchamy M., Thillaichidambaram M., Lee S., Sivaraj B., Magar S., et al. Formulation of dual-functional nonionic cetomacrogol creams incorporated with bacteriophage and human platelet lysate for effective targeting of MDR P. aeruginosa and enhanced wound healing. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2024; 7(10): 6583\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsabm.4c00747","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c00747"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang R.Y.K., Okamoto Y., Morales S., Kutter E., Chan H.K. Topical liquid formulation of bacteriophages for metered-dose spray delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2022; 177: 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2022.05.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2022.05.014"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazdi Z.R., Leaper M.C., Malik D.J. The development of oral solid dosage forms using the direct-compression tableting of spray-dried bacteriophages suitable for targeted delivery and controlled release. Processes. 2023; 11(11): 3146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr11113146","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11113146"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briot T., Kolenda C., Ferry T., Medina M., Laurent F., Leboucher G., et al. Paving the way for phage therapy using novel drug delivery approaches. J. Control. Release. 2022; 347: 414\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.021"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferriol-Gonz\u00e1lez C., Domingo-Calap P. Phages for biofilm removal. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020; 9(5): 268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9050268","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9050268"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y.Q., Ren S.X., Li H.L., Wang Y.X., Fu G., Yang J., et al. Genome-based analysis of virulence genes in a non-biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (ATCC 12228). Mol. Microbiol. 2003; 49(6): 1577\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03671.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03671.x"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda R., Latz S., Romero J., Higuera G., Garc\u00eda K., Bast\u00edas R. Bacteriophage production models: an overview. Front. Microbiol. 2019; 10: 1187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01187","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01187"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regulski K., Champion-Arnaud P., Gabard J. Bacteriophage manufacturing: from early twentieth-century processes to current GMP. In: Harper D., Abedon S., Burrowes B., McConville M., eds. Bacteriophages. Cham: Springer; 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-40598-8_25-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40598-8_25-1"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelfrene E., Willebrand E., Cavaleiro Sanches A., Sebris Z., Cavaleri M. Bacteriophage therapy: a regulatory perspective. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2016; 71(8): 2071\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkw083","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw083"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires D.P., Costa A.R., Pinto G., Meneses L., Azeredo J. Current challenges and future opportunities of phage therapy. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2020; 44(6): 684\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa017","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa017"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutti M., Corsini L. Robust approaches for the production of active ingredient and drug product for human phage therapy. Front. Microbiol. 2019; 10: 2289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02289","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02289"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirnay .JP., Blasdel B.G., Bretaudeau L., Buckling A., Chanishvili N., Clark J.R., et al. Quality and safety requirements for sustainable phage therapy products. Pharm. Res. 2015; 32(7): 2173\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-014-1617-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-014-1617-7"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merabishvili M., Pirnay J.P., De Vos D. Guidelines to compose an ideal bacteriophage cocktail. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018; 1693: 99\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7395-8_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7395-8_9"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik D.J., Sokolov I.J., Vinner G.K., Mancuso F., Cinquerrui S., Vladisavljevic G.T., et al. Formulation, stabilisation and encapsulation of bacteriophage for phage therapy. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2017; 249: 100\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cis.2017.05.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.05.014"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105browska K. Phage therapy: What factors shape phage pharmacokinetics and bioavailability? Systematic and critical review. Med. Res. Rev. 2019; 39(5): 2000\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/med.21572","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21572"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botka T., Pant\u016f\u010dek R., Ma\u0161la\u0148ov\u00e1 I., Bene\u0161\u00edk M., Petr\u00e1\u0161 P., R\u016f\u017ei\u010dkov\u00e1 V., et al. Lytic and genomic properties of spontaneous host-range Kayvirus mutants prove their suitability for upgrading phage therapeutics against staphylococci. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1): 5475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-41868-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41868-w"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry M., Biswas B., Vincent L., Mokashi V., Schuch R., Bishop-Lilly K.A., et al. Development of a high throughput assay for indirectly measuring phage growth using the OmniLog(TM) system. Bacteriophage. 2012; 2(3): 159\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/bact.21440","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.21440"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajnovic D., Mu\u00f1oz-Berbel X., Mas J. Fast phage detection and quantification: An optical density-based approach. PloS One. 2019; 14(5): e0216292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216292","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216292"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunsing V., Irmscher T., Barbirz S., Chiantia S. Purely polysaccharide-based biofilm matrix provides size-selective diffusion barriers for nanoparticles and bacteriophages. Biomacromolecules. 2019; 20(10): 3842\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00938"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bull J.J., Christensen K.A., Scott C., Jack B.R., Crandall C.J., Krone S.M. Phage-bacterial dynamics with spatial structure: self organization around phage sinks can promote increased cell densities. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018; 7(1): 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics7010008","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7010008"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez S., Fern\u00e1ndez L., Guti\u00e9rrez D., Campelo A.B., Rodr\u00edguez A., Garc\u00eda P. Analysis of different parameters affecting diffusion, propagation and survival of staphylophages in bacterial biofilms. Front. Microbiol. 2018; 9: 2348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02348","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02348"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobley L., Harkins C., MacPhee C.E., Stanley-Wall N.R. Giving structure to the biofilm matrix: an overview of individual strategies and emerging common themes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2015; 39(5): 649\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuv015","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv015"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernheim A., Sorek R. The pan-immune system of bacteria: antiviral defence as a community resource. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020; 18(2): 113\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-019-0278-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0278-2"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohde C., Wittmann J., Kutter E. Bacteriophages: a therapy concept against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt). 2018; 19(8): 737\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/sur.2018.184","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2018.184"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagliaferri T.L., Jansen M., Horz H.P. Fighting pathogenic bacteria on two fronts: phages and antibiotics as combined strategy. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2019; 9: 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00022","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00022"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Barcel\u00f3 C., Hochberg M.E. Evolutionary rationale for phages as complements of antibiotics. Trends Microbiol. 2016; 24(4): 249\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2015.12.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.12.011"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dion M.B., Oechslin F., Moineau S. Phage diversity, genomics and phylogeny. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020; 18(3): 125\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-019-0311-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0311-5"}],"container-title":["Problems of Virology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/16848\/1081","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/16848\/1081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T12:41:39Z","timestamp":1779540099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/view\/16848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":200,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0507-4088-366","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-2097","0507-4088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-2097","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0507-4088","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}