{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:55:59Z","timestamp":1791204959802,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Central Research Institute for Epidemiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["virusjour.crie.ru"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Problems of Virology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article presents a review of modern experimental models used for the study of orthopoxvirus infections. The biological characteristics and pathogenesis of orthopoxviruses are discussed, including mechanisms of replication, immune evasion, and interspecies transmission. Particular attention is paid to the relevance of these studies in connection with the increasing incidence of zoonotic infections caused by monkeypox virus, camelpox virus, cowpox virus, and other representatives of the genus Orthopoxvirus. An analysis of current in vitro and in vivo models used to investigate viral pathogenesis, replication, evaluation of antiviral drugs, and vaccine development is provided. The cultural properties of various orthopoxviruses in Vero, RK-13, CV-1, HaCaT, and other cell lines are described. The advantages and limitations of models involving primates, mice, rabbits, prairie dogs, and alternative reservoir species are considered. It is shown that the combined use of in vitro and in vivo systems represents the most effective approach for studying orthopoxvirus infections, developing vaccines and antiviral agents, and assessing potential epidemiological risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36233\/0507-4088-411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:45:12Z","timestamp":1789667112000},"page":"320-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0372-9311-crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;\/i&gt; laboratory models for Orthopoxviruses (&lt;i&gt;Poxviridae&lt;\/i&gt;: &lt;i&gt;Orthopoxvirus&lt;\/i&gt;): current approaches, limitations, and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.36233","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9203-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanat S.","family":"Kilibayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6565-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moldir S.","family":"Tuyskanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5807-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moldyr A.","family":"Azanbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuandyk D.","family":"Zhugunissov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22004","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso R.C., Moura P.P., Caldeira D.F., Mendes M.H., Pinto M.H., Cargnelutti J.F., et al. Poxviruses diagnosed in cattle from Distrito Federal, Brazil (2015\u20132018). Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2020; 67(4): 1563\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.13490 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/anfbys","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13490"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyuranecz M., Foster J.T., D\u00e1n \u00c1., Ip H.S., Egstad K.F., Parker P.G., et al. Worldwide phylogenetic relationship of avian poxviruses. J. Virol. 2013; 87(9): 4938\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.03183-12","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03183-12"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss B. Poxvirus DNA replication. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2013; 5(9): a010199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a010199 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/rqjvub","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a010199"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyer R.W., Graves R.L. The mechanism of cytoplasmic orthopoxvirus DNA replication. Cell. 1981; 27(2 Pt. 1): 391\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90422-0","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90422-0"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prichard M.N., Kern E.R. Orthopoxvirus targets for the development of new antiviral agents. Antiviral. Res. 2012; 94(2): 111\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.02.012 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/ydxtxr","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.02.012"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shchelkunov S.N. Orthopoxvirus genes that mediate disease virulence and host tropism. Adv. Virol. 2012; 2012: 524743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/524743 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/rggjvz","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/524743"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rampogu S., Kim Y., Kim S.W., Lee K.W. An overview on monkeypox virus: Pathogenesis, transmission, host interaction and therapeutics. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2023; 13: 1076251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1076251 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/svwmtu","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1076251"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molteni C., Forni D., Cagliani R., Mozzi A., Clerici M., Sironi M. Evolution of the orthopoxvirus core genome. Virus Res. 2023; 323: 198975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198975 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/wcghyy","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198975"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busuito B.C., West C.A., Rasool N., Rogers C. Endometrial stromal sarcoma invading the abdominal aorta treated with aortic replacement. J. Vasc. Surg. 2012; 55(3): 844\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2011.09.088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2011.09.088"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Alieva A.B., Aidarbekova D.B., Alimbay N.E., Kenzhebaeva M.K., Tabys Sh.T., Sarsenkulova N.A., et al. Izvestiya Natsional\u2019noi akademii nauk Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki. 2022; (3): 42\u201353. https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/diaomj (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yinka-Ogunleye A., Aruna O., Dalhat M., Ogoina D., McCollum A., Disu Y., et al. Outbreak of human monkeypoxin Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2019; 19(8): 872\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(19)30294-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besombes C., Gonofio E., Konamna X., Selekon B., Grant R., Gessain A., et al. Intrafamily Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Central African Republic, 2018. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2019; 25(8): 1602\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2508.190112","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.190112"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6nemeyer L.L., Baltzer A., Broekaert S., Schrick L., M\u00f6ller L., Nitsche A., et al. Generalised cowpox virus infection. Lancet. 2017; 390(10104): 1769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)31428-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31428-9"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahiya S.S., Kumar S., Mehta S.C., Narnaware S.D., Singh R., Tuteja F.C. Camelpox: a brief review on its epidemiology, current status and challenges. Acta Trop. 2016; 158: 32\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.02.014 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/wuvksd","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.02.014"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erster O., Melamed S., Paran N., Weiss S., Khinich Y., Gelman B., et al. First diagnosed case of camelpox virus in Israel. Viruses. 2018; 10(2): 78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10020078","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020078"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gujarati R., Reddy Karumuri S.R., Babu T.N., Janardhan B. A case report of buffalopox: a zoonosis of concern. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 2019; 85(3): 348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijdvl.ijdvl_222_17","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_222_17"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinaik C.B., Venkatesha M.D., Gomes A.R., Reddy P., Nandini P., Byregowda S.M. Isolation and molecular characterization of zoonotic Buffalopox virus from skin lesions of humans in India. Int. J. Dermatol. 2018; 57(5): 590\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijd.13890 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/ygbbud","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13890"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riyesh T., Karuppusamy S., Bera B.C., Barua S., Virmani N., Yadav S., et al. Laboratory-acquired buffalopox virus infection, India. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014; 20(2): 324\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2002.130358","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.130358"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima M.T., Oliveira G.P., Afonso J.A.B., Souto R.J.C., de Mendon\u00e7a C.L., Dantas A.F.M., et al. An update on the known host range of the Brazilian vaccinia virus: An outbreak in Buffalo Calves. Front. Microbiol. 2019; 9: 3327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03327 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/fohxsr","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03327"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durski K.N., McCollum A.M., Nakazawa Y., Petersen B.W., Reynolds M.G., Briand S., et al. Emergence of monkeypox \u2013 West and Central Africa, 1970\u20132017. MMWR Morb. Mort. Wkly Rep. 2018; 67(10): 306\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6710a5","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6710a5"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rimoin A.W., Mulembakani P.M., Johnston S.C., Lloyd Smith J.O., Kisalu N.K., Kinkela T.L., et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2010; 107(37): 16262\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1005769107 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/olxxpx","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bera B.C., Shanmugasundaram K., Barua S., Venkatesan G., Virmani N., Riyesh T., et al. Zoonotic cases of camelpox infection in India. Vet. Microbiol. 2011; 152(1-2): 29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.04.010 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/ybwqub","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.04.010"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balamurugan V., Venkatesan G., Bhanuprakash V., Singh R.K. Camelpox, an emerging orthopox viral disease. Indian J. Virol. 2013; 24(3): 295\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13337-013-0145-0 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/yefkqf","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-013-0145-0"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bera B.C., Barua S., Shanmugasundaram K., Anand T., Riyesh T., Vaid R.K., et al. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of host-range genes of Camelpox virus isolates from India. Virusdisease. 2015; 26(3): 151\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13337-015-0266-8 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/vexdwb","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-015-0266-8"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalafalla A.I., Abdelazim F. Human and dromedary camel infection with camelpox virus in Eastern Sudan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2017; 17(4): 281\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2016.2070 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/yehklr","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2070"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shchelkunov S.N. An increasing danger of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9(12): e1003756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003756 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/sllfln","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003756"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shchelkunova G.A., Shchelkunov S.N. 40 years without smallpox. Acta Naturae. 2017; 9(4): 4\u201312. https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/ylvebv","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2017-9-4-4-12"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavrilova E.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. Orthopoxvirus infections: epidemiology, clinical picture, and diagnostics (scientific review). Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2013; (4): 82\u20138. https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/rqrgpx (in Russian)","DOI":"10.21055\/0370-1069-2013-4-82-88"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Shchelkunov S.N., Marennikova S.S., Moyer R.W. Orthopoxviruses Pathogenic for Humans. New York: Springer Science+Business Media; 2005."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babkin I.V., Shchelkunov S.N. Molecular evolution of poxviruses. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2008; 44(8): 1029\u201344. https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/jhkqbb","DOI":"10.1134\/S1022795408080036"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babkin I.V., Babkina I.N. A retrospective study of the orthopoxvirus molecular evolution. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2012; 12(8): 1597\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.07.011 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/rgdygn","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.07.011"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onishchenko G.G., Kirillov I.A., Makhlai A.A., Borisevich S.V. Ortopoxviruses: past, present and future. Annals of the russian academy of medical sciences. 2020; 75(4): 300\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15690\/vramn1363 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/jsoosv (in Russian)","DOI":"10.15690\/vramn1363"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vora N.M., Li Y., Geleishvili M., Emerson G.L., Khmaladze E., Maghlakelidze G., et al. Human infection with a zoonotic orthopoxvirus in the country of Georgia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 372(13): 1223\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1407647 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/uriauj","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407647"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onishchenko G.G., Sizikova T.E., Lebedev V.N., Borisevich S.V. The reveal of novel members of orthopoxvirus genus. Infektsionnye bolezni: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie. 2023; 12(2): 8\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33029\/2305-3496-2023-12-2-8-13 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/iznlde (in Russian)","DOI":"10.33029\/2305-3496-2023-12-2-8-13"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanave G., Dowgier G., Decaro N., Albanese F., Brogi E., Parisi A., et al. Novel orthopoxvirus and lethal disease in cat, Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2018; 24(9): 1665\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2409.171283","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2409.171283"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergeev A.A., Bulychev L.E., P\u2019\u2019yankov O.V., Sergeev A.A., Bodnev S.A., Kabanov A.S., et al. Sensitivity of different animal species to monkeypox virus. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2012; (1): 88\u201391. https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/orihiz","DOI":"10.21055\/0370-1069-2012-1(111)-88-91"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Sampedro L., Perdiguero B., Mej\u00edas-P\u00e9rez E., Garc\u00eda-Arriaza J., Di Pilato M., Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses. 2015; 7(4): 1726\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v7041726 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/xqhvij","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041726"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frey S.E., Newman F.K., Kennedy J.S., Ennis F., Abate G., Hoft D.F., et al. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of ACAM1000, ACAM2000 and Dryvax in healthy vaccinia-naive adults. Vaccine. 2009; 27(10): 1637\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.11.079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.11.079"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies F.G., Mungai J.N., Shaw T. Characteristics of a Kenyan camelpox virus. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 1975; 75(3): 381\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s002217240002444x","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240002444X"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Tantawi H.H., Saban M.S., Reda I.M., Dahaby H.E. Camel pox virus in Egypt. I-isolation and characterization. Bull. Epizoot. Dis. Afr. 1974; 22(4): 315\u20139."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Azhibaev A.Zh., Valieva A.D, Esimbekova N.B. Strain M-96 M-20-13\/ D camel pox virus, for the control of biological products for specific prevention and diagnosis. Patent RK \u2116 29936; 2014. (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhugunissov K.D., Mambetaliyev \u041c.\u0410., Azanbekova \u041c.\u0410., Kenzhebaeva \u041c.K., Kilibayev S.S., Tuyskanova M.S., et al. Isolation of a new strain M-2020 of the Camelpox virus (Poxviridae: Orthopoxvirus: Camelpox virus) in Republic of Kazakhstan and study of its reproduction in various biological systems. Voprosy virusologii. 2022; 67(1): 77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0507-4088-100 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/fzhyus (in Russian)","DOI":"10.36233\/0507-4088-100"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Bulatov E.A., Mamadaliev S.M., Mambetaliev M. Study of the basic biophysical characteristics of camel pox virus from the strain \u00abM-96\u00bb. Vestnik nauki Kazakhskogo agrotekhnicheskogo universiteta im. S. Seifullina. 2009; (4): 225\u20139. (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif M.M., Ibrahim A.A., Khalafalla A.I. Development and evaluation of a live attenuated camelpox vaccine from a local field isolate of the virus. Rev. Sci. Tech. 2014; 33(3): 831\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.33.3.2321","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.33.3.2321"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Alieva A.B., Aidarbekova D.B., Serikbaiov O.N., Sarsenkulova N.A., Kenzhebaeva M.K., Zhugunisov K.D., et al. Cowpox virus attenuation. Journal of Agriculture and Environment. 2024; (12): 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60797\/JAE.2024.52.7 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/txidmp (in Russian)"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakubitskiy S.N., Kolosova I.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. Attenuation of vaccinia virus. Acta Naturae. 2015; 7(4): 113\u201321. https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/vdtrqx","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2015-7-4-113-121"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poltavchenko A.G., Ersh A.V., Filatov P.V., Ushkalenko N.D., Yakubitsky S.N., Sergeev A.A., et al. Rapid detection of orthopoxviruses. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsii. 2021; (3): 106\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21055\/0370-1069-2021-3-106-113 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/ywbpsy (in Russian)","DOI":"10.21055\/0370-1069-2021-3-106-113"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotter C.A., Earl P.L., Wyatt L.S., Moss B. Preparation of cell cultures and vaccinia virus stocks. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 2017; 117(1): 16.16.1\u201316.16.18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpmb.33","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmb.33"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcam\u00ed A., Smith G.L. A soluble receptor for interleukin-1\u03b2 encoded by vaccinia virus: a novel mechanism of virus modulation of the host response to infection. Cell. 1992; 71(1): 153\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90274-g","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90274-G"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seet B.T., Johnston J.B., Brunetti C.R., Barrett J.W., Everett H., Cameron C., et al. Poxviruses and immune evasion. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2003; 21(1): 377\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141049 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/mbthpp","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141049"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa R.B., Ferreira de Castro E., Vieira da Silva M., Paiva Ferreira D.C., Jardim A.C.G., Santos I.A., et al. In vitro and in vivo models for monkeypox. iScience. 2023; 26(1): 105702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105702 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/ymmwck","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105702"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li P., Pachis S.T., Xu G., Schraauwen R., Incitti R., de Vries A.C., Bruno M.J., Peppelenbosch M.P., Alam I.S., Raymond K., Pan Q. Mpox virus infection and drug treatment modelled in human skin organoids. Nat. Microbiol. 2023; 8(11): 2067\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-023-01489-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01489-6"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutson C.L., Carroll D.S., Gallardo-Romero N., Drew C., Zaki S.R., Nagy T., et al. Comparison of monkeypox virus clade kinetics and pathology within the prairie dog animal model using a serial sacrifice study design. Biomed Res. Int. 2015; 2015: 965710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/965710","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/965710"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt F.I., Bleck C.K.E., Mercer J. Poxvirus host cell entry. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2012; 2(1): 20\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.11.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.11.007"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFadden G. Poxvirus tropism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2005; 3(3): 201\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1099","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1099"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen B.W., Damon I.K. Orthopoxviruses: vaccinia (smallpox vaccine), variola (smallpox), monkeypox, and cowpox. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Volume 2. Elsevier, 2015: 1694\u2013702.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00135-1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00135-1"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregorczyk K.P., Wy\u017cewski Z., Szczepanowska J., Toka F.N., Mielcarska M.B., Bossowska-Nowicka M., et al. Ectromelia virus affects mitochondrial network morphology, distribution, and physiology in murine fibroblasts and macrophage cell line. Viruses. 2018; 10(5): 266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10050266 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/vgpkbu","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050266"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynn H., Horsington J., Ter L.K., Han S., Chew Y.L., Diefenbach R.J., et al. Loss of cytoskeletal transport during egress critically attenuates ectromelia virus infection in vivo. J. Virol. 2012; 86(13): 7427\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.06636-110","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06636-11"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteban D.J., Buller R.M.L. Ectromelia virus: the causative agent of mousepox. J. Gen. Virol. 2005; 86(Pt. 10): 2645\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.81090-0","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81090-0"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joklik W.K. The poxviruses. Bacteriol. Rev. 1966; 30(1): 33\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/br.30.1.33-66.1966","DOI":"10.1128\/br.30.1.33-66.1966"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh R.K., Hosamani M., Balamurugan V., Bhanuprakash V., Rasool T.J., Yadav M.P. Buffalopox: an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2007; 8(1): 105\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s14662523070012596","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252307001259"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo A.T., Grosenbach D.W., Chinsangaram J., Honeychurch K.M., Long P.G., Lovejoy C., et al. An overview of tecovirimat for smallpox treatment and expanded anti-orthopoxvirus applications. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2021; 19(3): 331\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14787210.2020.1819791 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/jrzbif","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1819791"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smee D.F. Progress in the discovery of compounds inhibiting orthopoxviruses in animal models. Antiv. Chem. Chemother. 2008; 19(3): 115\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/095632020801900302","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020801900302"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahrling P.B., Hensley L.E., Martinez M.J., Leduc J.W., Rubins K.H., Relman D.A., et al. Exploring the potential of variola virus infection of cynomolgus macaques as a model for human smallpox. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2004; 101(42): 15196\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0405954101","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405954101"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Americo J.L., Moss B., Earl P.L. Identification of wild-derived inbred mouse strains highly susceptible to monkeypox virus infection for use as small animal models. J. Virol. 2010; 84(16): 8172\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00571-10","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00621-10"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00e1n M., Feh\u00e9r E., Varga-Kugler R., Jakab F., B\u00e1nyai K. Animal models used in monkeypox research. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(11): 2192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10112192 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/neivso","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112192"},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"Damon I. Monkeypox zoonotic associations: insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2007."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaucha G.M., Jahrling P.B., Geisbert T.W., Swearengen J.R., Hensley L. The pathology of experimental aerosolized monkeypox virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys. Lab. Invest. 2001; 81(12): 1581\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.3780373 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/yjashm7.","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780373"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Earl P.L., Americo J.L., Wyatt L.S., Eller L.A., Whitbeck J.C., Cohen G.H., et al. Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine in nonhuman primates. Nature. 2004; 428(6979): 182\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature023317","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02331"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao S.Y., Sbrana E., Watts D.M., Siirin M., Travassos da Rosa A.P.A., Tesh R.B. Experimental infection of prairie dogs with monkeypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(4): 539\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1104.040907","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1104.040907"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang C., Shi S., Jiang Q., Wang X., Yao X., Li W., et al. (2025). Clinical manifestations and pathogenicity of Clade IIb monkeypox virus in rabbits. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2025; 14(1): 2465309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2025.2465309 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/jdyexj","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2465309"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker S., Buller R.M. A review of experimental and natural infections of animals with monkeypox virus between 1958 and 2012.Future virology. 2013; 8(2): 129\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fvl.12.1307","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.130"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams M.M., Rice A.D., Moyer R.W. Rabbitpox virus and vaccinia virus infection of rabbits as a model for human smallpox. Journal of virology. 2007; 81(20): 11084\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00423-07 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.77.19.10684-10688.2003","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00423-07"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Earl P.L., Americo J.L., Moss B. Development and use of a vaccinia virus neutralization assay based on flow cytometric detection of green fluorescent protein. Journal of virology. 2003; 77(19): 10684\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.77.19.10684-10688.2003","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.19.10684-10688.2003"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner F. Mouse-pox (infectious ectromelia of mice): a review. The Journal of Immunology. 1949; 63(4): 341\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.63.4.341","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.63.4.341"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman J.L., Nichols D.K., Martinez M.J., Raymond J.W. Animal models of orthopoxvirus infection. Vet. Pathol. 2010; 47(5): 852\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300985810378649 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/omjbux","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810378649"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1003.030878"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doty J.B., Alakapa Y., Lushima R.S., Lushima R.M., Okitolonda W., Blumberg S., et al. Assessing monkeypox virus prevalence in small mammals at the human\u2013animal interface in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Viruses. 2017; 9(10): 283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v9100283","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100283"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song G., Cheng L., Liu J., Zhou Y., Zhang C., Zong Y. Establishment of an animal model for monkeypox virus infection in dormice. Sci. Rep. 2025; 15(1): 4044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-88725-7 https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/ejzltx","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88725-7"}],"container-title":["Problems of Virology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/16897\/1113","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/16897\/1113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:33:07Z","timestamp":1791203587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virusjour.crie.ru\/jour\/article\/view\/16897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36233\/0507-4088-411","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-2097","0507-4088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-2097","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0507-4088","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}