{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1782979661611,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Innovative Healthcare Institute","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our understanding of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) has evolved tremendously over the past decade. Large-scale sequencing studies have led to increased insight into the genomic landscape of CMML and clinical implications of these changes. This in turn has resulted in refined and improved risk stratification models, which to date remain versatile and subject to remodeling, as new and evolving studies continue to refine our understanding of this disease. In this article, we present an up-to-date review of CMML from a hematopathology perspective, while providing a clinically practical summary that sheds light on the constant evolution of our understanding of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36401\/jipo-21-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T10:10:48Z","timestamp":1624011048000},"page":"142-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: Hematopathology Perspective"],"prefix":"10.36401","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Siba","family":"El Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa A.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Pemmaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanam","family":"Loghavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22027","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b01","unstructured":"Swerdlow\n              SH,\n            \n            \n              Campo\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Harris\n              NL,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          \n            WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tRevised 4th ed. International Agency for Research on Cancer;2017."},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solal-Celigny\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Desaint\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Herrera\n              A,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia according to FAB classification: analysis of 35 cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tBlood.\n\t\t\t\t\t1984;\n\t\t\t\t\t63:\n\t\t\t\t\t634\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t638.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V63.3.634.634"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Germing\n              U,\n            \n            \n              Gattermann\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Minning\n              H,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Problems in the classification of CMML\u2013dysplastic versus proliferative type.\n\t\t\t\t\tLeuk Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t22:\n\t\t\t\t\t871\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t878.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(97)00192-6"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinmohamed\n              AG,\n            \n            \n              van Norden\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Visser\n              O,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          The use of medical claims to assess incidence, diagnostic procedures and initial treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in the Netherlands.\n\t\t\t\t\tLeuk Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t39:\n\t\t\t\t\t177\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t182.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2014.11.025"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCullough\n              KB,\n            \n            \n              Patnaik\n              MM.\n            \n          \n          Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: a genetic and clinical update.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurr Hematol Malig Rep.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t292\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t302.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-015-0271-4"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Catovsky\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Daniel\n              MT,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias: French-American-British (FAB) Co-operative Group.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Haematol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t451\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t458.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1976.tb03563.x"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b07","unstructured":"Vardiman\n              JW,\n            \n            \n              Pierre\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Bain\n              B,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:JaffeES,LNHarris,SteinH,VardimanJW,Eds.WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues.\n\t\t\t\t\tInternational Agency for Research on Cancer;2001:\n\t\t\t\t\t49\u201352."},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b08","unstructured":"Orazi\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bennett\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Germing\n              U,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al, Eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. International Agency for Research on Cancer;2008:\n\t\t\t\t\t76\u201379."},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b09","unstructured":"Orazi\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bennett\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Germing\n              U,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al, Eds. Revised 4th ed. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymhoid Tissues. International Agency for Research on Cancer;2017:\n\t\t\t\t\t82\u201386."},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Such\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Germing\n              U,\n            \n            \n              Malcovati\n              L,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Development and validation of a prognostic scoring system for patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.\n\t\t\t\t\tBlood.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t121:\n\t\t\t\t\t3005\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t3015.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-452938"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onida\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Kantarjian\n              HM,\n            \n            \n              Smith\n              TL,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Prognostic factors and scoring systems in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: a retrospective analysis of 213 patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tBlood.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t99:\n\t\t\t\t\t840\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t849.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.3.840"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loghavi\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Sui\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Wei\n              P,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Validation of the 2017 revision of the WHO chronic myelomonocytic leukemia categories.\n\t\t\t\t\tBlood Adv.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t2:\n\t\t\t\t\t1807\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1816.","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018019224"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goasguen\n              JE,\n            \n            \n              Bennett\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Bain\n              BJ,\n            \n            et al;\n          \n          International Working Group on Morphology of Myelodysplastic S. Morphological evaluation of monocytes and their precursors.\n\t\t\t\t\tHaematologica.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t94:\n\t\t\t\t\t994\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t997.","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2008.005421"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Droin\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Jacquel\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Hendra\n              JB,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Alpha-defensins secreted by dysplastic granulocytes inhibit the differentiation of monocytes in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.\n\t\t\t\t\tBlood.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t115:\n\t\t\t\t\t78\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t88.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-05-224352"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loghavi\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Curry\n              JL,\n            \n            \n              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Oncol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t17:\n\t\t\t\t\t207\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t209."},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pemmaraju\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Lane\n              AA,\n            \n            \n              Sweet\n              KL,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Tagraxofusp in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic-cell neoplasm.\n\t\t\t\t\tN Engl J Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t380:\n\t\t\t\t\t1628\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1637.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1815105"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pemmaraju\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Konopleva\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Lane\n              AA.\n            \n          \n          More on blastic plasmacytoid dendritic-cell neoplasms.\n\t\t\t\t\tN Engl J 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Revised 4th ed. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 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Tam\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              YC,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Oligomonocytic chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia without absolute monocytosis) displays a similar clinicopathologic and mutational profile to classical chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.\n\t\t\t\t\tMod Pathol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t30:\n\t\t\t\t\t1213\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1222.","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.45"},{"key":"2021080516160034600_i2590-017X-4-3-142-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selimoglu-Buet\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Wagner-Ballon\n              O,\n            \n            \n              Saada\n              V,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Characteristic repartition of monocyte subsets as a diagnostic signature of chronic myelomonocytic 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