{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:07:39Z","timestamp":1792123659863,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Innovative Healthcare Institute","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved prognosis in advanced malignancies; however, they may be associated with extensive ocular immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that are sight threatening. Our study aimed to identify the presentation, characteristics, management, and clinical outcomes of ocular irAEs. Methods: In this retrospective, observational case series, we reviewed the medical records of 1280 patients at a large US tertiary cancer center between 2010 and 2020. Results: We identified 130 patients who presented with ocular irAEs (10%) with 69 males (53%) and 61 females (47%). The mean time to toxicity was 6.1 months. Adverse events include corneal toxicity (31%), neuro-ophthalmic (14%), uveitis and scleritis (13%), retinopathy (13%), periocular disorders (11%), and others. IrAEs occurred most frequently with nivolumab (26%). Most ocular irAEs were treated with topical therapy. Advanced cases required systemic corticosteroids and even cessation of ICIs. Conclusion: Our cohort is a large case series highlighting the increased potential of ocular toxicity associated with ICIs. Prompt recognition and management of ocular irAEs can minimize their effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.36401\/jipo-22-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T12:53:33Z","timestamp":1669726413000},"page":"98-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Highlights on Ocular Toxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors at a US Tertiary Cancer Center"],"prefix":"10.36401","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anam A.","family":"Mazharuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Whyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan S.","family":"Gombos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimisha","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Razmandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina L.","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagham S.","family":"Al-Zubidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"3 Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"4 Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22027","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pennock\n              GK,\n            \n            \n              Chow\n              LQ.\n            \n          \n          The evolving role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tOncologist.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t20:\n\t\t\t\t\t812\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t822.","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0422"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b02","unstructured":"Ito\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Ernstoff\n              MS.\n            \n          \n          \n            Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer.\n          Elsevier;\n          2019."},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attia\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Phan\n              GQ,\n            \n            \n              Maker\n              AV,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Autoimmunity correlates with tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Oncol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t6043\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t6053.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.06.205"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Rahman\n              O,\n            \n            \n              Oweira\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Petrausch\n              U,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Immune-related ocular toxicities in solid tumor patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tExpert Rev Anticancer Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t17:\n\t\t\t\t\t387\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t394.","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2017.1296765"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b05","unstructured":"American Cancer Society.\n          Immune checkpoint inhibitors and their side effects.\n          Accessed Nov 12, 2021. www.cancer.org\/treatment\/treatments-and-side-effects\/treatment-types\/immunotherapy\/immune-checkpoint-inhibitors.html"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b06","unstructured":"Postow\n              M.\n            \n          \n          Toxicities associated with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.\n          UpToDate website.\n          Accessed Apr 4, 2021. www.uptodate.com\/contents\/toxicities-associated-with-checkpoint-inhibitor-immunotherapy"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahzad\n              O,\n            \n            \n              Thompson\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Clare\n              G,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Ocular adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a novel multidisciplinary management algorithm.\n\t\t\t\t\tTher Adv Med Oncol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t1758835921992989.","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835921992989"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b08","unstructured":"Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 5.0.\n          National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalvin\n              LA,\n            \n            \n              Shields\n              CL,\n            \n            \n              Orloff\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Sato\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Shields\n              JA.\n            \n          \n          Checkpoint inhibitor immune therapy: systemic indications and ophthalmic side effects.\n\t\t\t\t\tRetina.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t38:\n\t\t\t\t\t1063\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1078.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002181"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrady\n              CD,\n            \n            \n              Larochelle\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Pecen\n              P,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Checkpoint inhibitor-induced uveitis: a case series.\n\t\t\t\t\tGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t256:\n\t\t\t\t\t187\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t191.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3835-2"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Wei\n              X.\n            \n          \n          Ocular immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\tFront Immunol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t12:\n\t\t\t\t\t701951.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.701951"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindiganavile\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Bhat\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Gombos\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Al-Zubidi\n              N.\n            \n          \n          Targeted cancer therapy and its ophthalmic side effects: a review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Immunother Precis Oncol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t4:\n\t\t\t\t\t6\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t15.","DOI":"10.36401\/JIPO-20-21"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inno\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Metro\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Bironzo\n              P,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of immune checkpoint inhibitors toxicity.\n\t\t\t\t\tTumori.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t103:\n\t\t\t\t\t405\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t421.","DOI":"10.5301\/tj.5000625"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wierenga\n              APA,\n            \n            \n              Cao\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Luyten\n              GPM,\n            \n            \n              Jager\n              MJ.\n            \n          \n          Immune checkpoint inhibitors in uveal and conjunctival melanoma.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Ophthalmol Clin.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t59:\n\t\t\t\t\t53\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t63.","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000263"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darvin\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Toor\n              SM,\n            \n            \n              Sasidharan Nair\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Elkord\n              E.\n            \n          \n          Immune checkpoint inhibitors: recent progress and potential biomarkers.\n\t\t\t\t\tExp Mol Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t50:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0191-1"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b16","unstructured":"Liu\n              CY,\n            \n            \n              Francis\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Abramson\n              DH.\n            \n          \n          Ocular side effects of systemically administered chemotherapy.\n          UpToDate website.\n          Apr 5, 2021. www.uptodate.com\/contents\/ocular-side-effects-of-systemically-administered-chemotherapy"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Maberley\n              DA,\n            \n            \n              Etminan\n              M.\n            \n          \n          Ocular adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Curr Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t31:\n\t\t\t\t\t319\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2019.05.002"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortes\n              BH,\n            \n            \n              Liou\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Dalvin\n              LA.\n            \n          \n          Ophthalmic adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: the Mayo Clinic experience.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t105:\n\t\t\t\t\t1263\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1271.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316970"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puzanov\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Diab\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Abdallah\n              K,\n            \n            et al.;\n          \n          Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer Toxicity Management Working Group. Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Toxicity Management Working Group.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Immunother Cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t5:\n\t\t\t\t\t95.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z"},{"key":"2022112916590723900_i2590-017X-5-4-98-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naing\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Hajjar\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Gulley\n              JL,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Strategies for improving the management of immune-related adverse events.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Immunother Cancer.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\te001754.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001754"}],"container-title":["Journal of Immunotherapy and Precision Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/innovationsjournals-JIPO\/article-pdf\/5\/4\/98\/3150199\/i2590-017x-5-4-98.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/innovationsjournals-JIPO\/article-pdf\/5\/4\/98\/3150199\/i2590-017x-5-4-98.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T17:48:24Z","timestamp":1765475304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/innovationsjournals-jipo.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/jipo\/5\/4\/article-p98.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36401\/jipo-22-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-017X","2666-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-017X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2666-2345","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}}}