{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:05:01Z","timestamp":1788822301388,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Innovative Healthcare Institute","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with cancer with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are excluded from many cancer clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Therefore, data are limited regarding the management of HBV and HCV infections in patients with cancer treated with ICIs. To address this gap, we reviewed the literature on management of HBV and HCV infections in patients with cancer receiving ICIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched MEDLINE and PubMed for all original research articles, case reports, and systematic reviews published in English between Jul 2013 and Jul 2023 on patients with cancer with HBV or HCV infection receiving ICIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found 28 studies (three prospective clinical trials, seven retrospective cohort studies, nine retrospective case series, and nine case reports) that evaluated the safety of ICI therapy in patients with HBV infection and cancer. The overall rate of HBV reactivation was 1.4% (38\/2799), and no HBV-related deaths were reported. The frequency of HBV reactivation in patients with chronic and past HBV infections was 2% (35\/1667) and 0.3% (3\/1132), respectively. The risk of HBV reactivation was significantly higher among patients with chronic HBV infection not receiving antiviral prophylaxis than among those receiving antivirals (17% vs 1%, p &amp;lt; 0.05). Based on high-quality evidence, for patients with chronic HBV infection, antiviral prophylaxis is recommended before ICI therapy initiation. For patients with past HBV infection, monitoring and on-demand antiviral treatment are sufficient. We found 11 studies (five clinical trials, five retrospective studies, and one prospective observational study) that evaluated the safety of ICI therapy in patients with HCV infection and cancer. The overall rate of HCV reactivation was 0.5% (2\/387), and no HCV-related deaths were reported. HCV reactivation occurs primarily in patients receiving immunosuppressants for ICI-related toxic effects. ICIs are safe for HCV-infected patients with solid tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic HBV or HCV infection should not be considered a contraindication for ICI therapy. Specific risk assessment, monitoring, and management strategies are necessary to reduce the risk of ICI-related liver injury in patients with cancer and chronic HBV or HCV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.36401\/jipo-23-28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T11:44:21Z","timestamp":1705059861000},"page":"111-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Management of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Patients with Cancer Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.36401","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4616-2430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khalis","family":"Mustafayev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Mallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 AP-HP, Centre Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, DMU Canc\u00e9rologie et Sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s M\u00e9dico-Chirurgicales, Service d\u2019H\u00e9patologie, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0814-604X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harrys A.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"3 Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 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