{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T02:43:38Z","timestamp":1772505818762,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Innovative Healthcare Institute","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy resulting from decreased activation of the von Willebrand factor\u2013cleaving protease (ADAMTS13). TTP can cause organ damage and is often fatal if the appropriate treatment is not started immediately. Although primary immune TTP is the most common form of TTP, secondary immune etiologies, including complications from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have also been reported. ICIs are used as neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for metastatic and nonmetastatic solid tumors and hematologic cancers. ICIs stimulate the T-cell\u2013mediated antitumor response, and the subsequent upregulation of the immune system can cause ICI-related adverse events (AEs). ICI-associated AEs may result in various hematological outcomes. Therefore, TTP, as a rare ICI-related AE, requires awareness. TTP has been mentioned as a rare ICIrAE in a few case reports. When using ICIs, the differential diagnosis of TTP should be considered if hemolytic anemia is accompanied by thrombocytopenia. Low ADAMTS13 activity can be used to diagnose TTP and support the need for plasma exchange. This review will assess the approach for ICI-related acquired TTP by scanning a limited number of reported case series in the literature. Low ADAMTS13 activity can be used to diagnose TTP and support the need for plasma exchange. Treatment in the cases that have been published includes combinations of rituximab and caplacizumab, corticosteroids, and plasma exchange. Furthermore, acquired TTP associated with ICI is encountered during the initial and subsequent cycles of ICI treatment. It is essential to detect ICI-related acquired TTP early, a highly fatal AE of ICIs, and to increase awareness of TTP, which will likely be encountered more frequently with the use of new ICI agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36401\/jipo-24-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T19:01:31Z","timestamp":1732042891000},"page":"15-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Rare But Fatal Toxicity: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor\u2013Related Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura"],"prefix":"10.36401","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-5955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aysun Senturk","family":"Yikilmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Denizli State Hospital, Denizli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristhiam M. Rojas","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"22027","reference":[{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b01","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"3594","article-title":"Hematologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"139","author":"Kroll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kroll\n MH,\n \n \n Rojas-Hernandez\n C,\n \n \n Yee\n C.\n \n \n Hematologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Blood. 2022;139:3594\u20133604."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b02","series-title":"Ann Hematol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current challenges of hematologic complications due to immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review","volume":"101","author":"Ghanem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghanem\n P,\n \n \n Marrone\n K,\n \n \n Shanbhag\n S,\n \n \n Brahmer\n JR,\n \n \n Naik\n RP.\n \n \n Current challenges of hematologic complications due to immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review. Ann Hematol. 2022;101:1\u201310."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b03","series-title":"Eur J Cancer","first-page":"139","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review","volume":"54","author":"Michot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michot\n JM,\n \n \n Bigenwald\n C,\n \n \n Champiat\n S,\n \n et al.\n \n Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review. Eur J Cancer. 2016;54:139\u2013148."},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b04","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford","first-page":"vii59","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune-related adverse events during the treatment of cancer with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"58","author":"Weinmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weinmann\n SC,\n \n \n Pisetsky\n DS.\n \n \n Mechanisms of immune-related adverse events during the treatment of cancer with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(Suppl 7):vii59\u2013vii67."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b05","series-title":"Int Immunopharmacol","first-page":"109015","article-title":"Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real-world study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"110","author":"Moore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore\n DC,\n \n \n Elmes\n JB,\n \n \n Arnall\n JR,\n \n et al.\n \n Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real-world study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;110:109015."},{"issue":"10","key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b06","series-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer","first-page":"1676","article-title":"Children and adults with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with severe, acquired Adamts13 deficiency: comparison of incidence, demographic and clinical features","volume":"60","author":"Reese","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reese\n JA,\n \n \n Muthurajah\n DS,\n \n \n Kremer Hovinga\n JA,\n \n et al.\n \n Children and adults with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with severe, acquired Adamts13 deficiency: comparison of incidence, demographic and clinical features. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(10):1676\u20131682. doi: 10.1002\/pbc.24612"},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b07","series-title":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","author":"Stanley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stanley\n M,\n \n \n Killeen\n RB,\n \n \n Michalski\n JM.\n \n \n \n Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura\n . StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b08","series-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program","first-page":"548","article-title":"TTP: long-term outcomes following recovery","volume":"2018","author":"George","year":"2018","unstructured":"George\n JN.\n \n \n TTP: long-term outcomes following recovery. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2018;2018:548\u2013552."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b09","series-title":"J Thromb Haemost","first-page":"1764","article-title":"Platelets in inflammation and immunity","volume":"12","author":"Herter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herter\n JM,\n \n \n Rossaint\n J,\n \n \n Zarbock\n A.\n \n \n Platelets in inflammation and immunity. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12:1764\u20131775."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b10","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"8372","article-title":"Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"100","author":"Phan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Phan\n GQ,\n \n \n Yang\n JC,\n \n \n Sherry\n RM,\n \n et al.\n \n Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:8372\u20138377."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b11","series-title":"Oncotarget","first-page":"27460","article-title":"PD-L1 is expressed on human platelets and is affected by immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"9","author":"Rolfes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rolfes\n V,\n \n \n Idel\n C,\n \n \n Pries\n R,\n \n et al.\n \n PD-L1 is expressed on human platelets and is affected by immune checkpoint therapy. Oncotarget. 2018;9:27460\u201327470."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b12","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"7005","article-title":"Platelet PD-L1 reflects collective intratumoral PD-L1 expression and predicts immunotherapy response in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Hinterleitner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hinterleitner\n C,\n \n \n Str\u00e4hle\n J,\n \n \n Malenke\n E,\n \n et al.\n \n Platelet PD-L1 reflects collective intratumoral PD-L1 expression and predicts immunotherapy response in non-small cell lung cancer. Nat Commun. 2021;12:7005."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b13","series-title":"Transl Res","first-page":"412","article-title":"Immune-mediated adverse events of anticytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody therapy in metastatic melanoma","volume":"166","author":"Quirk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quirk\n SK,\n \n \n Shure\n AK,\n \n \n Agrawal\n DK.\n \n \n Immune-mediated adverse events of anticytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody therapy in metastatic melanoma. Transl Res. 2015;166:412\u2013424."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b14","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Local blood coagulation drives cancer cell arrest and brain metastasis in a mouse model","volume":"137","author":"Feinauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feinauer\n MJ,\n \n \n Schneider\n SW,\n \n \n Berghoff\n AS,\n \n et al.\n \n Local blood coagulation drives cancer cell arrest and brain metastasis in a mouse model. Blood. 2021;137:1219\u20131232."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b15","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"3153","article-title":"von Willebrand factor fibers promote cancer-associated platelet aggregation in malignant melanoma of mice and humans","volume":"125","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bauer\n AT,\n \n \n Suckau\n J,\n \n \n Frank\n K,\n \n et al.\n \n von Willebrand factor fibers promote cancer-associated platelet aggregation in malignant melanoma of mice and humans. Blood. 2015;125:3153\u20133163."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b16","series-title":"Oncotarget","first-page":"68527","article-title":"Heparins that block VEGF-A-mediated von Willebrand factor fiber generation are potent inhibitors of hematogenous but not lymphatic metastasis","volume":"7","author":"Goertz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goertz\n L,\n \n \n Schneider\n SW,\n \n \n Desch\n A,\n \n et al.\n \n Heparins that block VEGF-A-mediated von Willebrand factor fiber generation are potent inhibitors of hematogenous but not lymphatic metastasis. Oncotarget. 2016;7:68527\u201368545."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b17","series-title":"J Immunother Cancer","first-page":"e006456","article-title":"Prognostic value of von Willebrand factor levels in patients with metastatic melanoma treated by immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Stadler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stadler\n JC,\n \n \n Keller\n L,\n \n \n Mess\n C,\n \n et al.\n \n Prognostic value of von Willebrand factor levels in patients with metastatic melanoma treated by immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Immunother Cancer. 2023;11:e006456."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b18","series-title":"J Immunother Cancer","first-page":"19","article-title":"Ipilimumab-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)","volume":"5","author":"King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King\n J,\n \n \n de la Cruz\n J,\n \n \n Lutzky\n J.\n \n \n Ipilimumab-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). J Immunother Cancer. 2017;5:19."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b19","series-title":"Case Rep Hematol","first-page":"2464619","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura due to checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"2018","author":"Youssef","year":"2018","unstructured":"Youssef\n A,\n \n \n Kasso\n N,\n \n \n Torloni\n AS,\n \n et al.\n \n Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura due to checkpoint inhibitors. Case Rep Hematol. 2018;2018:2464619."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b20","series-title":"CEN Case Rep","first-page":"289","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated to dual checkpoint inhibitor therapy for metastatic melanoma","volume":"9","author":"Lafranchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lafranchi\n A,\n \n \n Springe\n D,\n \n \n Rupp\n A,\n \n et al.\n \n Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated to dual checkpoint inhibitor therapy for metastatic melanoma. CEN Case Rep. 2020;9:289\u2013290."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b21","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e11246","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura induced by immune checkpoint inhibitiors: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali\n Z,\n \n \n Zafar\n MU,\n \n \n Wolfe\n Z,\n \n et al.\n \n Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura induced by immune checkpoint inhibitiors: a case report and review of the literature. Cureus. 2020;12:e11246."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b22","series-title":"Oncologist","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Nivolumab-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with anal squamous cell carcinoma: a lesson on hematologic toxicity from immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Gergi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gergi\n M,\n \n \n Landry\n KK,\n \n \n Ades\n S,\n \n et al.\n \n Nivolumab-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with anal squamous cell carcinoma: a lesson on hematologic toxicity from immunotherapy. Oncologist. 2020;25:1009\u20131012."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b23","series-title":"Transfusion","first-page":"322","article-title":"Refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura related to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy","volume":"61","author":"Lancelot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lancelot\n M,\n \n \n Miller\n MJ,\n \n \n Roback\n J,\n \n \n Stowell\n SR.\n \n \n Refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura related to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Transfusion. 2021;61:322\u2013328."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b24","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e16035","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"De Filippis","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Filippis\n S,\n \n \n Moore\n C,\n \n \n Ezell\n K,\n \n et al.\n \n Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Cureus. 2021;13:e16035."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b25","series-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Pembrolizumab-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"26","author":"Dickey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dickey\n MS,\n \n \n Raina\n AJ,\n \n \n Gilbar\n PJ,\n \n et al.\n \n Pembrolizumab-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2020;26:1237\u20131240."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b26","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"871217","article-title":"Case report: thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura following ipilimumab and nivolumab combination immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma","volume":"13","author":"Mullally","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mullally\n WJ,\n \n \n Cooke\n FJ,\n \n \n Crosbie\n IM,\n \n et al.\n \n Case report: thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura following ipilimumab and nivolumab combination immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. Front Immunol. 2022;13:871217."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b27","series-title":"J Thromb Haemost","first-page":"1889","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: pathogenesis, diagnosis and potential novel therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Saha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saha\n M,\n \n \n McDaniel\n JK,\n \n \n Zheng\n XL.\n \n \n Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: pathogenesis, diagnosis and potential novel therapeutics. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15:1889\u20131900."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b28","series-title":"J Oncol Pract","first-page":"523","article-title":"Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in patients with cancer","volume":"12","author":"Morton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morton\n JM,\n \n \n George\n JN.\n \n \n Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in patients with cancer. J Oncol Pract. 2016;12:523\u2013530."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b29","series-title":"J Thromb Haemost","first-page":"2496","article-title":"ISTH guidelines for treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng\n XL,\n \n \n Vesely\n SK,\n \n \n Cataland\n SR,\n \n et al.\n \n ISTH guidelines for treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:2496\u20132502."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b30","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Thrombotic microangiopathy care pathway: a consensus statement for the Mayo Clinic Complement Alternative Pathway-Thrombotic Microangiopathy (CAP-TMA) Disease-Oriented Group","volume":"91","author":"Go","year":"2016","unstructured":"Go\n RS,\n \n \n Winters\n JL,\n \n \n Leung\n N,\n \n et al.\n \n Thrombotic microangiopathy care pathway: a consensus statement for the Mayo Clinic Complement Alternative Pathway-Thrombotic Microangiopathy (CAP-TMA) Disease-Oriented Group. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:1189\u20131211."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b31","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"335","article-title":"Caplacizumab treatment for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"380","author":"Scully","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scully\n M,\n \n \n Cataland\n SR,\n \n \n Peyvandi\n F,\n \n et al.\n \n Caplacizumab treatment for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:335\u2013346."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b32","series-title":"Lancet Haematol","first-page":"e157","article-title":"Derivation and external validation of the PLASMIC score for rapid assessment of adults with thrombotic microangiopathies: a cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Bendapudi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bendapudi\n PK,\n \n \n Hurwitz\n S,\n \n \n Fry\n A,\n \n et al.\n \n Derivation and external validation of the PLASMIC score for rapid assessment of adults with thrombotic microangiopathies: a cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4:e157\u2013e164."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b33","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"511","article-title":"Caplacizumab for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"374","author":"Peyvandi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peyvandi\n F,\n \n \n Scully\n M,\n \n \n Kremer Hovinga\n JA,\n \n et al.\n \n Caplacizumab for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:511\u2013522."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b34","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"2836","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"129","author":"Joly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joly\n BS,\n \n \n Coppo\n P,\n \n \n Veyradier\n A.\n \n \n Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2017;129:2836\u20132846."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b35","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"4073","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schneider\n BJ,\n \n \n Naidoo\n J,\n \n \n Santomasso\n BD,\n \n et al.\n \n Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39:4073\u20134126."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b01","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"3594","article-title":"Hematologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"139","author":"Kroll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kroll\n MH,\n \n \n Rojas-Hernandez\n C,\n \n \n Yee\n C.\n \n \n Hematologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Blood. 2022;139:3594\u20133604."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b02","series-title":"Ann Hematol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current challenges of hematologic complications due to immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review","volume":"101","author":"Ghanem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghanem\n P,\n \n \n Marrone\n K,\n \n \n Shanbhag\n S,\n \n \n Brahmer\n JR,\n \n \n Naik\n RP.\n \n \n Current challenges of hematologic complications due to immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review. Ann Hematol. 2022;101:1\u201310."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b03","series-title":"Eur J Cancer","first-page":"139","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review","volume":"54","author":"Michot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michot\n JM,\n \n \n Bigenwald\n C,\n \n \n Champiat\n S,\n \n et al.\n \n Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review. Eur J Cancer. 2016;54:139\u2013148."},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b04","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford","first-page":"vii59","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune-related adverse events during the treatment of cancer with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"58","author":"Weinmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weinmann\n SC,\n \n \n Pisetsky\n DS.\n \n \n Mechanisms of immune-related adverse events during the treatment of cancer with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(Suppl 7):vii59\u2013vii67."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b05","series-title":"Int Immunopharmacol","first-page":"109015","article-title":"Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real-world study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"110","author":"Moore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore\n DC,\n \n \n Elmes\n JB,\n \n \n Arnall\n JR,\n \n et al.\n \n Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real-world study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;110:109015."},{"issue":"10","key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b06","series-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer","first-page":"1676","article-title":"Children and adults with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with severe, acquired Adamts13 deficiency: comparison of incidence, demographic and clinical features","volume":"60","author":"Reese","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reese\n JA,\n \n \n Muthurajah\n DS,\n \n \n Kremer Hovinga\n JA,\n \n et al.\n \n Children and adults with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with severe, acquired Adamts13 deficiency: comparison of incidence, demographic and clinical features. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(10):1676\u20131682. doi: 10.1002\/pbc.24612"},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b07","series-title":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","author":"Stanley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stanley\n M,\n \n \n Killeen\n RB,\n \n \n Michalski\n JM.\n \n \n \n Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura\n . StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b08","series-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program","first-page":"548","article-title":"TTP: long-term outcomes following recovery","volume":"2018","author":"George","year":"2018","unstructured":"George\n JN.\n \n \n TTP: long-term outcomes following recovery. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2018;2018:548\u2013552."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b09","series-title":"J Thromb Haemost","first-page":"1764","article-title":"Platelets in inflammation and immunity","volume":"12","author":"Herter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herter\n JM,\n \n \n Rossaint\n J,\n \n \n Zarbock\n A.\n \n \n Platelets in inflammation and immunity. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12:1764\u20131775."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b10","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"8372","article-title":"Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"100","author":"Phan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Phan\n GQ,\n \n \n Yang\n JC,\n \n \n Sherry\n RM,\n \n et al.\n \n Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:8372\u20138377."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b11","series-title":"Oncotarget","first-page":"27460","article-title":"PD-L1 is expressed on human platelets and is affected by immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"9","author":"Rolfes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rolfes\n V,\n \n \n Idel\n C,\n \n \n Pries\n R,\n \n et al.\n \n PD-L1 is expressed on human platelets and is affected by immune checkpoint therapy. Oncotarget. 2018;9:27460\u201327470."},{"key":"i2590-017X-8-1-15-b12","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"7005","article-title":"Platelet PD-L1 reflects collective intratumoral PD-L1 expression and predicts immunotherapy response in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Hinterleitner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hinterleitner\n C,\n \n \n Str\u00e4hle\n J,\n \n \n Malenke\n E,\n \n et al.\n \n Platelet PD-L1 reflects collective intratumoral PD-L1 expression and predicts immunotherapy response in non-small cell lung cancer. 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