{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:46:48Z","timestamp":1793371608398,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Innovative Healthcare Institute","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved oncological outcomes, they can cause a myriad of inflammatory conditions known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon (RP) is a rare rheumatologic irAE that may arise de novo or present as an exacerbation of preexisting disease. This case series aims to describe ICI-induced RP in patients without a rheumatological diagnosis seen at a large, specialized cancer center. Our case series describes five patients with ICI-induced RP who were evaluated by rheumatology at a cancer center during the past 3 years where their cancers, type of ICIs, diagnostic tests, and treatments are discussed in detail. Among our five patients, one patient had preexisting psoriatic arthritis, and one had preexisting RP. The outcome of our patients\u2019 ICI-induced RP varied widely. Although three patients had significant digital ischemia resulting in ulceration requiring epoprostenol infusions, the remaining two patients had mild digital ischemia that were controlled conservatively. However, none of our patients had clinical features to suggest systemic sclerosis (SSc), where RP is often the first symptom. Interestingly, interferon-\u03b3 and interleukin-6 were the most frequently elevated cytokines when checked in these patients. This is the first case series, to the authors\u2019 knowledge, to describe ICI-induced RP, which may occur without other clinical features of an autoimmune rheumatological disease. The severity of the disease may vary, but it warrants increased awareness and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36401\/jipo-26-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:54:29Z","timestamp":1790416469000},"page":"141-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Case Series of Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon in the Setting of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.36401","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2611-5562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanteng Jeff","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Buni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean H.","family":"Tayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Michael","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic-Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Elamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic-Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Huey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Jonasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shervin","family":"Assassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22027","reference":[{"key":"i2590-017X-9-4-141-b01","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","first-page":"881","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy-how can we improve clinical benefits","volume":"15","author":"Baxevanis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baxevanis CN. 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Raynaud's phenomenon: a current update on pathogenesis, diagnostic workup, and treatment. Vasc Specialist Int. 2024;40:26. DOI: 10.5758\/vsi.240047"},{"key":"i2590-017X-9-4-141-b04","series-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol","first-page":"753","article-title":"Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis: current understanding and new insights","volume":"15","author":"Cutolo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cutolo M,Soldano S,Smith V. Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis: current understanding and new insights. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019;15:753\u2013764. DOI: 10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1614915"},{"key":"i2590-017X-9-4-141-b05","series-title":"Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol","first-page":"262","article-title":"Current concepts on the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Truchetet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Truchetet ME,Brembilla NC,Chizzolini C. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol. 2021;64:262\u2013283. 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