{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:39:52Z","timestamp":1753893592791,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"The Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JHEOR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Many persons with severe mental illness qualify for Medicaid coverage. However, under federal law, states must either suspend or terminate eligibility once they are incarcerated. We hypothesize that prompt re-acquisition of Medicaid eligibility following release from incarceration lowers the risk of re-incarceration.\n\nObjectives: To assess the relationship between Medicaid eligibility and risk of re-incarceration among previously incarcerated schizophrenia diagnosed subjects.\n\nMethods: Study subjects were selected between January 1, 2006 and September 30, 2011 from a single state Medicaid database that was combined with department of corrections data. Subjects were included if they had a schizophrenia diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD- 9-CM] code 295.xx), were between the ages of 18 and 62, and had been released from incarceration. Covariates included age, race, gender, marital status, and reason for incarceration. Time to Medicaid eligibility after release from incarceration, cumulative days of eligibility, and whether they were eligible on the re-incarceration date were evaluated in independent models. One and three-year Cox Regression models analyses (p&amp;lt;0.05) were used to evaluate the hazard for re-incarceration.\n\nResults: The 932 subjects were 26.5% white, 73.7% male and were, on average, 37.6 years old on their index date (i.e., incarceration release date). They were 73.5% single or divorced and 12.7% were incarcerated for a substance abuse violation. In the 1-year follow-up period, 110 subjects (11.8%) were re-incarcerated. In the 3-year follow-up period 209 (22.4%) were re-incarcerated. Age (in years) was the only significant predictor of re-incarceration for the 1-year models (hazard ratio [HR]=0.976; confidence interval [CI]=0.957, 0.994). Eligibility was a significant predictor in the 3-year follow-up models. A longer \u2018time to first eligibility\u2019 (HR=1.046; CI=1.017, 1.075 was associated with a greater hazard for re-incarceration. Being eligible at the time of re-incarceration (HR=0.659; CI=0.498, 0.870) was associated with a lower hazard, and the cumulative number of months of eligibility (HR=0.978; CI=0.958, 0.997) and age were associated with a lower hazard for re-incarceration (HR=0.986; CI=0.973, 0.999).\n\nConclusions: Access to Medicaid health services post-release may reduce the risk of re-incarceration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36469\/9845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T16:00:42Z","timestamp":1571414442000},"page":"97-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medicaid Eligibility and Time to Re-incarceration Among Previously Incarcerated Subjects With Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.36469","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Kozma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CK Consulting Associates, LLC, Saint Helena Island, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Pesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmela J.","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"22273","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Torrey EF: Treatment of persons with mental illness in prisons and jails: A state survey.  http:\/\/tacreports.org\/storage\/documents\/treatment-behind-bars\/treatment-behind-bars.pdf. Accessed September 8, 2014."},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teplin LA, Abram K M, McClelland GM: The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among incarcerated women: Pretrial jail detainees.Arch Gen Psychiatr 1996;53:505-12.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830060047007"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James DJ, Glaze LE: Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Office of Justice Programs, Bureau  of  Justice  Statistics  2006,  September  http:\/\/bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/mhppji.pdf.  Accessed September 8, 2014.","DOI":"10.1037\/e557002006-001"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steadman H, Osher F, Robbins P, Case B, Samuels P: Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates.Psychiatric Serv 2009;60(6):761-5.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.6.761"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamb HR, Weinberger LE: Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: A review. Psychiatr Serv 1998;49(4):483-92.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.4.483"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lovell D, Gagliardi GJ, Peterson PD: Recidivism and use of services among persons with mental illness after release from prison. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53(10):1290-6.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.10.1290"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baillargeon J, Binswanger IA, Penn JV, et al. Psychiatric  disorders  and  repeat  incarcerations:  The  revolving prison door.Am J Psychiatr 2009;166(1):103-9.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08030416"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greenberg  GA,  Rosenheck  RA: Psychiatric  correlates  of  past  incarceration  in  the  national comorbidity study replication.Criminal Behaviour Mental Health 2013;24(1):18-35.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1875"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hawthorne WB, Folsom DP, Sommerfeld DH, et al: Incarceration among adults who are in the public mental health system: Rates, risk factors, and short-term outcomes.  Psychiatr Serv 2012;63(1):26-32.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201000505"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Medicaid Institute of the United Hospital Fund (2011). New York Medicaid beneficiaries with mental health and substance abuse conditions.  www.uhfnyc.org.  Accessed March 18, 2014."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morrissey JP, Steadman HJ, Dalton KM, Cuellar A, Stiles P, Cuddeback GS: Medicaid enrollment and mental health service use following release of jail detainees with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2006;57(6):809-15.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.57.6.809"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fisher L D, Yin DY. Time-dependent covariates in the cox proportional-hazards regression model.  Annual Rev Public Health 1999;20:145\u201357.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.20.1.145"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Domino ME, Norton EC, Morrissey JP, Thakur N: Cost shifting to jails after a change to managed mental health care. Health Serv Res 2004;39(5):1379-401.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2004.00295.x"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clark RE, Ricketts SK, McHugo GJ: Legal system involvement and costs for persons in treatment for severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders.  Psychiatr Serv 1999;50(5):641-7.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.5.641"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Morrissey J, Cuddeback GS, Domino M: Expediting Medicaid coverage to the mentally ill released from prison. Academy Health Annual Research Meeting. June 2014: San Diego, California."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morrissey JP, Steadman HJ, Dalton KM, Cuellar A, Stiles P, Cuddeback GS: Medicaid enrollment and mental health service use following release of jail detainees with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2006;57(6):809-15.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.57.6.809"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Justice  Center: Policy brief: Opportunities for criminal justice systems to increase Medicaid enrollment. Washington. 2013:3-5."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Section 1905(a)(A), Social Security Act."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosen D L, Dumont DM, Cislo AM, et al: Medicaid policies and practices in US state prison systems. Am J Public Health 2014;104(3):418-20.","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301563"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Tobler L: Providing health care coverage for former inmates. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) Legisbrief 2014;22(15):1-2."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morrissey  JP,  Cuddeback  GS,  Cuellar  AE,  Steadman  HJ: The role of Medicaid enrollment and outpatient service use in jail recidivism among persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58(6):784-801.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.6.794"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Fontanarosa J, Uhl S, Oyesanmi O, Schoelles KM: Interventions for adult offenders with serious mental illness.  Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Report no. 13-EHC107-EF Comparative Effectiveness Reviews 2007."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baillargeon J, Binswanger IA, Penn JV, Williams BA, Murray OJ: Psychiatric  disorders  and  repeat  incarcerations: The revolving prison door.Am J Psychiatr  2009;166:103-9.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08030416"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Draine J, Wilson A, Metraus S, et al: The impact of mental illness status on the length of jail detention and the legal mechanism of jail release. Psychiatr Serv 2010;61(5):458-62.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.61.5.458"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greenberg GA, Rosenheck RA: Jail  incarceration,  homelessness,  and  mental  health:  a  national  study. Psychiatr Serv 2008;59(2):170-7.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.2.170"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"DiPietro B: National Health Care for the Homeless Council January 2013. Medicaid expansion & criminal justice-involved populations: Opportunities for the health care for the homeless community. http:\/\/www.nhchc.org\/policy-advocacy\/reform\/nhchc-health-reform-materials\/.  Accessed September 8, 2014."}],"container-title":["Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/pmid\/37662660\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T14:40:10Z","timestamp":1748875210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/jheor.org\/article\/9845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36469\/9845","archive":["Portico","Portico","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2327-2236"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2327-2236"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"article-number":"9845"}}