{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:41:12Z","timestamp":1792899672241,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several risk factors have been identified in the occurrence of bladder cancer. These include genetic and hereditary factors, smoking and tobacco use, increased body mass index, occupational exposure to certain chemicals and dyes, medical conditions such as chronic cystitis and infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors in patients with bladder cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients presenting to the uro-oncology department of the hospital with imaging and histology confirmed bladder cancer were included in the study. Age- and gender-matched patients presenting to the department of urology with benign disorders were prospectively included as controls. All the study subjects and the controls completed a self-administered structured questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-two (67.3%) of the participants with bladder cancer were males. The mean age of participants with bladder cancer was 59.24 \u00b1 16.28 years. Most participants with bladder cancer worked as farmers (35.5%) or industrial workers (24.3%). Recent history of recurrent urinary tract infections was seen in 85 (79.4%) of the participants with bladder cancer and 32 (30.8%) of controls. Diabetes mellitus was more common among participants with bladder cancer. A significant number of participants with bladder cancer used tobacco and smoked compared to controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights numerous potential biological and epidemiological factors that may act as a risk factors for bladder cancer. These factors could explain the gender differences observed in the incidence of bladder cancer. In addition, the study indicates the intense risk of tobacco products and smoking on the incidence of bladder cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.37029\/jcas.v9i1.485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T17:22:00Z","timestamp":1673716920000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer: Results of a Survey of Hospital Patients"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rangrez","family":"Shadab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, JN Medical College, and Urinary Biomarkers Research Centre , KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. B.","family":"Nerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, JN Medical College, and Urinary Biomarkers Research Centre , KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saziya R.","family":"Bidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, JN Medical College, and Urinary Biomarkers Research Centre , KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shridhar C.","family":"Ghagane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology , Kaher\u2019s Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Center, V. K. Institute of Dental Sciences Campus, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_001","unstructured":"Kates M, Bivalacqua TJ. Tumours of the bladder. In: Partin AW, Dmochowski RR, Kavoussi LR, Peters CA, editors. Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020. p. 3073."},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankovic \u00ec S, Radosavljevic \u00ec V. Risk factors for bladder cancer. Tumori 2007;93:4-12.","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160709300102"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pashos CL, Botteman MF, Laskin BL, Redaelli A. Bladder cancer: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Cancer Pract 2002;10:311-22.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5394.2002.106011.x"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer 1999;80:827-41.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990315)80:6<827::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_005","unstructured":"Parkin DM, Vizcaino AP, Skinner ME, Ndhlovu A. Cancer patterns and risk factors in the African population of Southwestern Zimbabwe, 1963-77. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:537-47."},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeegers MP, Swaen GM, Kant I, Goldbohm RA, Van den Brandt PA. Occupational risk factors for male bladder cancer: Results from a population-based case cohort study in the Netherlands. Occup Environ Med 2001;58:590-6.","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.9.590"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_007","unstructured":"Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996."},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_008","unstructured":"Rehn L. Bladder unsteadiness in fuchsine workers. Arch Klin Chir 1895;50:588-600."},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case RA, Hosker ME. Tumour of the urinary bladder as an occupational disease in the rubber industry in England and Wales. Br J Prev Soc Med 1954;8:39-50.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.8.2.39"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matanoski GM, Stockwell HG, Diamond EL, Haring-Sweeney M, Joffe RD, Mele LM, et al. A cohort mortality study of painters and allied tradesmen. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986;12:16-21.","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2179"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethwaite PB, Pearce N, Fraser J. Cancer risks in painters: Study based on the New Zealand cancer registry. Br J Ind Med 1990;47:742-6.","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.47.11.742"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Nadon L, G\u00e9rin M. Occupational risk factors for bladder cancer: Results from a case-control study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:1061-80.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117207"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terstegge CW, Swaen GM, Slangen JJ, Van Vliet C. Mortality patterns among commercial painters in the Netherlands. Int J Occup Environ Health 1995;1:303-10.","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.1995.1.4.303"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen OM, Wahrendorf J, Knudsen JB, S\u00f8rensen BL. The Copenhagen case-referent study on bladder cancer. Risks among drivers, painters and certain other occupations. Scand J Work Environ Health 1987;13:129-34.","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2070"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman DT, Levin LI, Hoover RN, Hartge P. Occupational risks of bladder cancer in the United States: I. White men. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1472-80.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/81.19.1472"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baxter PJ, McDowall ME. Occupation and cancer in London: An investigation into nasal and bladder cancer using the cancer atlas. Br J Ind Med 1986;43:44-9.","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.43.1.44"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claude JC, Frentzel-Beyme RR, Kunze E. Occupation and risk of cancer of the lower urinary tract among men. A case-control study. Int J Cancer 1988;41:371-9.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910410309"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steenland K, Burnett C, Osorio AM. A case-control study of bladder cancer using city directories as a source of occupational data. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126:247-57.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/126.2.247"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobruch J, Daneshmand S, Fisch M, Lotan Y, Noon A, Resnick MJ, et al. Gender and bladder cancer: A collaborative review of etiology, biology, and outcomes. Eur Urol 2015;69:300-10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.037"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scosyrev E, Noyes K, Feng C, Messing E. Sex and racial differences in bladder cancer presentation and mortality in the US. Cancer 2009;115:68-74.","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23986"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluth LA, Rieken M, Xylinas E, Kent M, Rink M, Roupr\u00eat M, et al. Gender-specific differences in clinicopathologic outcomes following radical cystectomy: An inter-national multi-institutional study of more than 8000 patients. Eur Urol 2014;66:913-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.11.040"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soave A, Dahlem R, Hansen J, Weisbach L, Minner S, Engel O, et al. Gender-specific outcomes of bladder cancer patients: A stage-specific analysis in a contemporary, homogenous radical cystectomy cohort. Eur J Surg Oncol 2015;41:368-77.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2014.03.003"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra AP, Skinner EC, Schuckman AK, Quinn DI, Dorff TB, Daneshmand S. Effect of gender on outcomes following radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: A critical analysis of 1,994 patients. Urol Oncol 2014;32:52.e1-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2013.08.007"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buteau A, Seideman CA, Svatek RS, Youssef RF, Chakrabarti G, Reed G, et al. What is evaluation of hematuria by primary care physicians? Use of electronic medical records to assess practice patterns with intermediate follow-up. Urol Oncol 2014;32:128-34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2012.07.001"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henning A, Wehrberger M, Madersbacher S, Pycha A, Martini T, Comploj E, et al. Do differences in clinical symptoms and referral patterns contribute to the gender gap in bladder cancer? BJU Int 2013;112:68-73.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11661.x"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_026","unstructured":"Rupert JM, Torino K, Sidransky D. Evidence for two bladder cancer suppressor gene loci on human chromosome 9. Cancer Res 1993;53:5093-5."},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_027","unstructured":"Tsai YC, Nichols PW, Hiti AC. Allelic losses of chromosome 9, 11 and 17 in human bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1990;50:44-7."},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamb A, Gruis NA, Weaver-Feldman J. A cell cycle regulator potentially involved in genesis of many tumor types. Science 1994;284:436-40.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8153634"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidransky D, Von Eschenbach A, Tsai YC, Jones P, Summerhayes I, Marshall F, et al. Identification of p53 mutations in bladder cancers and urine samples. Science 1991;252:706-9.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2024123"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_030","unstructured":"Spruck CH 3rd., Ohneseit PF, Gonzalez-Zulueta M, Esrig D, Miyao N, Tsai YC, et al. Two molecular pathways to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res 1994;54:784-8."},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas DB, Uhl CN, Hartge P. Bladder cancer and alcoholic beverage consumption. Am J Epidemiol 1983;118:720-7.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113682"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Verhagen AP, Weijenberg MP, Van den Brandt PA. Elevated risk of cancer of the urinary tract for alcohol drinkers: A meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 1999;10:445-51.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008938520686"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelucchi C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, La Vecchia C. Alcohol drinking and bladder cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55:637-41.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00397-9"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC. Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. JAMA 2011;306:737-45.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1142"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_035","unstructured":"IARC Scientific Publications. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. In: Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. Vol. 83. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications; 2004."},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brennan P, Bogilot O, Cordier S, Greiser E, Schill W, Vineis P, et al. Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: A pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. Int J Cancer 2000;86:289-94.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000415)86:2<289::AID-IJC21>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanic C, Kogevinas M, Dosemici M, Malats N, Real FX, Garcia-Closas M, et al. Smoking and bladder cancer in Spain: Effects of tobacco type, timing, environmental tobacco smoke, and gender. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1348-54.","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0021"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baris D, Karagas MR, Verrill C, Johnson A, Andrew AS, Marsit CJ, et al. A case-control study of smoking and bladder cancer risk: Emergent patterns over time. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:1553-61.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp361"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinotsu S, Akaza H, Miki T, Fujimoto H, Shinohara N, Kikuchi E, et al. Bladder cancer develops 6 years earlier in current smokers: Analysis of bladder cancer registry data by the cancer registration committee of the Japanese urolological association. Int J Urol 2009;16:64-9.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02194.x"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietzak EJ, Malkowicz SB. Does quantification of smoking history correlate with initial bladder tumor grade and stage? Curr Urol Rep 2014;15:416.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-014-0416-3"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang X, Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Stern MC, Conti DV, Cortessis VK, et al. Cigarette smoking and subtype of bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 2012;130:896-901.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26068"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturgeon SR, Hartge P, Silverman DT, Kantor AF, Linehan WM, Lynch C, et al. Association between bladder cancer risk factors and tumor stage and grade at diagnosis. Epidemiology 1994;5:218-25.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199403000-00012"},{"key":"2026091912280921644_j_jcas.v9i1.485_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polesei J, Bosetti C, Di Maso M, Montella M, Libra M, Garbeglio A, et al. Duration and intensity of tobacco smoking and the risk of papillary and non-papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Causes Control 2014;25:1151-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0416-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cancer and Allied Specialties"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sfu.ca\/jcas\/index.php\/jcas\/article\/download\/485\/473","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.37029\/jcas.v9i1.485","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:32:40Z","timestamp":1789821160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.37029\/jcas.v9i1.485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.37029\/jcas.v9i1.485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37029\/jcas.v9i1.485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-989X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-989X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}}}