{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T18:33:05Z","timestamp":1777228385314,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Politechnika Wroclawska Oficyna Wydawnicza","issue":"numer ci\u0105g\u0142y...","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cyclists adapt their pedaling movements according to workload, a behavior defined here as a \u2018pedaling strategy\u2019. This study aimed to develop a quantitative method for evaluating pedaling strategies using pedal force vector data recorded during outdoor cycling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A principal component analysis (PCA)-based framework was introduced to verify the linear relationship between instantaneous pedal forces and effective loads, reduce angle-specific slopes derived from this relationship to a small number of principal components, and assess the feasibility of modelling a pedaling strategy from these components. Outdoor data from 91 cyclists (including 16 professionals) were analyzed. Slopes representing load-dependent changes in pedal forces were computed for each crank angle, and PCA was applied. Statistical comparisons of principal component values between professional and non-professional cyclists were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Instantaneous pedal forces showed strong linearity with the load, enabling accurate slope estimation. PCA reduced the pedaling strategy primarily to four components: PC1 reflected the coordination between downstroke and upstroke forces, and PC2 captured the differences in peak-force timing. Professional cyclists exhibited significantly higher PC1 values and lower variability than non-professional cyclists, while variability in PC2 also differed between them. These components effectively characterized individual pedaling strategies, with patterns of positive PC1 and near-zero PC2 indicating desirable strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that cyclist-specific pedaling strategies can be quantified from outdoor force vector data using PCA, offering an evaluation approach that is not achievable through conventional efficiency indices. Differences between professional and non-professional cyclists further support the validity of the method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.37190\/abb\/220441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T17:42:18Z","timestamp":1777225338000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating pedaling strategy using a principal component analysis-based analysis of crank force vectors collected during outdoor cycling"],"prefix":"10.37190","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Inomata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Kitawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"23140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"container-title":["Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/actabio.pwr.edu.pl\/d\/6GBUKOTtQKxVvA0RqREFBPF0WUXJ9XFlOSylDC0QHFm9PFQk5Eht1FRMSWHoFPFgHFkhCcHtUWFtfOA\/10.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/actabio.pwr.edu.pl\/d\/6GBUKOTtQKxVvA0RqREFBPF0WUXJ9XFlOSylDC0QHFm9PFQk5Eht1FRMSWHoFPFgHFkhCcHtUWFtfOA\/10.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T17:42:21Z","timestamp":1777225341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actabio.pwr.edu.pl\/d\/6GBUKOTtQKxVvA0RqREFBPF0WUXJ9XFlOSylDC0QHFm9PFQk5Eht1FRMSWHoFPFgHFkhCcHtUWFtfOA\/10.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"numer ci\u0105g\u0142y...","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["220441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37190\/abb\/220441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1509-409X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1509-409X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]}}}