{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:15:26Z","timestamp":1777371326240,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1987,11,1]],"date-time":"1987-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":562723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,11]]},"abstract":"\n Using voltage-time-dependent negative resistance characteristics of Voltage-Current curves of excitable cell membranes estimated without using artificial voltage clamp method, the author made a quantitative analysis of excitability of cell membranes and different conditions of transmembrane action potentials as a bias voltage to the negative resistance of the excitable cell membrane. The pacemaker cells were classified as \u201cAstable Oscillators\u201d and nonpacemaker excitable cells as \u201cMonostable Oscillators,\u201d and application of a rapidly changing electromagnetic field to the cells was analyzed as a means of stimulating the cells. The understanding of the 10 essential electrical parameters is highly desirable for safe and effective electrical stimulation. Among these, emphasis was placed on the often neglected, important electrical parameters of \u201coutput impedance\u201d of stimulation pulse wave complexes for + and \u2212 polarity components, as well as the importance of capacitive current (\n \n \n \n \n \n I<\/mml:mi>\n c<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:msub>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n c<\/mml:mi>\n .<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n d<\/mml:mi>\n v<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n d<\/mml:mi>\n t<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) which depends on rise time as well as fall time of the stimulation pulse wave, and undesirable side effects of electrolysis phenomena due to excessive D.C. current. The difference and similarity between TENS (Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation) and TES (Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation), TENMS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve and Muscle Stimulation) or TMS (Transcutaneous Muscle Stimulation) was discussed. The author\u2019s clinical study indicated that effective TES (TENMS)--characterized by effective muscle contraction without creating pain with a pulse repetition rate approximately the same as the heart rate of the individual--can often give superior beneficial effects in improvement of micro-circulation and subsequent relief of pain and other symptoms compared with TENS that creates stimulation of large diameter sensory nerve fibers without creating significant muscle contraction. Such improvement is often accompanied by the abolishment of the pain with disappearance of local substance P and increase in local serotonin with disappearance of local L-tryptophan.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3727\/036012987816358788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T00:29:30Z","timestamp":1446510570000},"page":"201-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["BASIC ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS FOR SAFE AND EFFECTIVE ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS [ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE, TES,TENMS (OR TEMS), TENS AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELD STIMULATION WITH OR WITHOUT DRUG FIELD] FOR PAIN, NEUROMUSCULAR SKELETAL PROBLEMS, AND CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Omura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Director of Medical Research, Heart Disease Research Foundation, 50 Court St., Brooklyn, N.Y. 11201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Voltage- time-dependent negative resistance characteristics in V-I curves of excitable cardiac cell membranes","volume":"24","author":"Omura Y","year":"1965","unstructured":"1. Omura Y, Herter FP, Van Dyke HB, Voltage- time-dependent negative resistance characteristics in V-I curves of excitable cardiac cell membranes, Fed. Proc., Vol. 242, p. 137, 1965.","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","first-page":"418","volume-title":"Voltage-time-dependent negative resistance characteristics of excitable cardiac cell membrane as a switching and oscillating element","author":"Omura Y","year":"1966","unstructured":"2. Omura Y, Welsh CA, Voltage-time-dependent negative resistance characteristics of excitable cardiac cell membrane as a switching and oscillating element, Proc. 2nd International Biophysics Congress, Sept., 5-9, 1966, at the University of Vienna, Austria, p. 418, 1966."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","first-page":"361","volume-title":"Semiquantitative estimation of the voltage-current curve of excitable cell membrane without using a non-physiologic voltage clamp method","author":"Omura Y","year":"1967","unstructured":"3. Omura Y, Lehr D, Semiquantitative estimation of the voltage-current curve of excitable cell membrane without using a non-physiologic voltage clamp method, Digest of the 7th International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, p. 361, 1967."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2164-0947.1971.tb02615.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","first-page":"298","article-title":"The stimulation of excitable cell membranes by capacitive current (Ic) and rapidly-changing electromagnetic field (R-C EMF) without direct contact between electrodes and the cells","volume":"31","author":"Omura Y","year":"1972","unstructured":"5. Omura Y, Lee K, Jeronimo M, The stimulation of excitable cell membranes by capacitive current (Ic) and rapidly-changing electromagnetic field (R-C EMF) without direct contact between electrodes and the cells, Federation Proceedings, Vol. 31(2), p. 298, 1972.","journal-title":"Federation Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163040-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(84)90121-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(85)90127-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields","author":"Polk C","year":"1986","unstructured":"9. 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Omura Y, Pathophysiology of acupuncture treatment: effects of acupuncture on cardiovascular and nervous systems, Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. Int. J., Vol. 1, pp. 51-141, 1975.","journal-title":"Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. Int. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012927500100106"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012977817553367"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012983816714858"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Electro Acupuntura v Acupuntura Manual; Bases Biofisicas Y Boiguimicas","author":"Omura Y","year":"1984","unstructured":"16. Omura Y, Electro Acupuntura v Acupuntura Manual; Bases Biofisicas Y Boiguimicas, (187 page Spanish book) Published by EDAD S.A. 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