{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:18:41Z","timestamp":1777371521010,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]],"date-time":"1994-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":775699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acupuncture &amp; Electro-Therapeutics Research: International Journal of Integrated Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accuracy of the widely used organ representation areas, currently used in different schools of foot and hand reflexology was evaluated using Bi-Digital O-Ring test resonance phenomenon. Our previous study indicated that mapping organ representation areas of the tongue using Bi-Digital O-Ring Test resonance phenomenon between 2 identical substances often provided more reliable clinical information for both diagnosis and treatment than the 2 widely used, but crude, traditional schools of Chinese tongue diagnosis. This same method was applied for the mapping of the organ representation areas on the feet and hands. We succeeded in mapping the following areas on human feet: 1) Middle (3rd) toe on the sole side represents the following starting from the tip: A) Head, B) Face with eye.ear, nose, and mouth (1st Digit) C) Neck and organs within the neck (narrow band of space between 1st crease after the 1st digit and crease at the junction of the beginning of the sole); 2) 2nd and 4th toe represent upper extremities, the beginning tip being fingers and hands. The crease at the base of these toes represents the shoulder. The 2nd toe represents right upper extremity, and the 4th toe represents left upper extremity; 3) 1st and 5th toes in both the right and left feet represent lower extremities with the tip being the toes and soles of feet. The crease at the base of these toes represents the inguinal area. The 1st toe of each foot represents right lower extremity, and 5th toe represents left lower extremity. The sole of the foot is divided into the following 3 distinctive sections. 1) Upper (1st) section represents organs in the chest cavity including 2 thymus glands, trachea, 2 lungs, with the heart between them, and with the esophagus appearing as a narrow band outside of the lung near and below the 1st and 2nd toe depending upon the individual. Chest section occupies the first 1\/3 to 1\/5 (on a relatively long foot) of the entire sole. The boundary between the chest and G.I. system can be approximately estimated by extending the length of the entire toe or up to 25% longer to the sole, but it can be accurately determined using a diaphragm tissue microscope slide as a reference control substance. 2) Middle (2nd) section represents Gastrointestinal system, including lower end of the esophagus, liver, stomach, spleen, gall bladder, pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, appendix, colon, and anus. It usually occupies about 23% to 38% of the area of the entire sole, the longer the foot, the higher percentage of the sole this section occupies. 3) Lower (3rd) or heel section which represents Genito-Urinary system occupies last 33% to 44% of the entire sole area. In small feet, it occupies a larger percentage of the sole. In the sole of the left foot, each specific organ representation area of the Genito-Urinary system sometimes appears in a somewhat rectangular shape with the exception of the penis and clitoris which are not rectangular, but in the right foot, each organ representation area of the Genito-Urinary system often appears as a embryological shape of that organ. There is a minor difference between the right and left feet, although each foot has an entire set of organ representation areas, including heart in the right foot Most of the currently used maps of organ representation areas either do not include the heart in the right sole or place it in each foot near the medial side. Dorsum of the middle toe represents posterior part of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and cervical spine. The entire spinal cord and all the vertebrae (cervical to coccyx) are represented between 2nd phalanx of middle toe and the line drawn between the upper margin of medial malleolus and the upper margin of the lateral malleolus at about 2 finger width from the lateral margin of medial malleolus towards the lateral malleolus. The dorsum of the 1st toe represents the back of the right lower extremity, and around the end of the 2nd phalanx of the 1st toe represents prostate gland (uterus in female) and then testes (ovary) and beginning of 1st metatarsal bone of the 1st toe corresponds to the beginning of the right hip area and extends to the end of the first metatarsal bone area. Dorsum of the 5th toe represents the back of left lower extremities. Around the end of the 3rd phalanx represents the prostate gland and testes. The beginning of the 5th metatarsal bone corresponds to the beginning of the left hip area, and this left hip area ends just before the bulging end of the 5th metatarsal bone. Medial malleolus represents the left hip joint area, and lateral malleolus corresponds to right hip joint area. Between each malleolus and the same side of the heel, the upper thigh, knee joint, leg and foot with extremely large first toe areas are represented. Towards the spine representation area from the lateral margin of the medial malleolus, prostate gland and testes are represented. Some new findings on the hands are also presented in detail in the text In general when a specific organ is abnormal and its function is abnormally reduced, the size of that organ representation area on the foot and hand diminishes. When codeine is taken, organ representation area of heart, lung, and liver markedly diminishes, particularly the areas where codeine is deposited, and Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Resonance Phenomenon to that part of the organ disappears. In Ischemic heart or CNS diseases, 1 minute of repeated deep massage and\/or Shiatsu of accurate organ representation areas corresponding to diseased organs can improve circulation to the diseased organ and selectively enhance drug uptake in the diseased organ, where previously even the most effective drugs could not reach sufficiently. In general, 1 minute of repeated deep massage and\/or Shiatsu of the organ representation area of any abnormal organ often improves the function of that organ, selectively enhances drug uptake to the corresponding diseased organ with selective improvement in circulation, often reduces pain, and improves other symptoms transitionally. Similar effects were also observed with accupuncture (+) Qi Gong, soft Laser with red spectrum or near infra-red, etc. Also the locations of calluses, corns, ulcerations, fissures or cracking of the skin, abnormal creases, discoloration, pain or tenderness, subcutaneous induration with or without pain or tenderness in the feet often represent abnormalities of the corresponding organs. Even if no abnormalities are found by visual examination or palpation, the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test shows abnormality in the corresponding organ representation area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3727\/036012994816357286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T00:29:30Z","timestamp":1446510570000},"page":"153-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Accurate Localization of Organ Representation Areas on the Feet &amp; Hands Using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Resonance Phenomenon: Its Clinical Implication in Diagnosis &amp; Treatment-- Part I"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Omura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Director of Medical Research, Heart Disease Research Foundation, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"Acupuncture Medicine: Its Historical and Clinical Background","author":"Omura Yoshiaki","year":"1982","unstructured":"1)Omura Yoshiaki. 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Masson, Paris, 1983."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","volume-title":"Les Reflexotherapies","author":"Muller-David M.-F","year":"1981","unstructured":"31)Muller-David M.-F, Les Reflexotherapies. Editions Retz, Paris, 1981."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012978817553258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012979817552942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","volume-title":"Electro Acupunctura Y Acupuncture Manual: Bases Biofisicas Y Bioquimicas","author":"Omura Y","year":"1979","unstructured":"34)Omura Y, Electro Acupunctura Y Acupuncture Manual: Bases Biofisicas Y Bioquimicas. Edad S.A., Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1979."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012981816952199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012982816952026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","first-page":"564","article-title":"Non-invasive early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases by the combined use of the \u201cBi-Digital O-Ring Test Dysfunction Localization Method,\u201d organ representation points & of wide frequency bandwidth ECG\u2019s & selective high frequency wide bandwidth ECG\u2019s","volume":"23","author":"Omura Y","year":"1982","unstructured":"37)Omura Y, Nisteruk CJ, Losco BroM, Heller SI, Omura A, Cook A, Williams G, Non-invasive early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases by the combined use of the \u201cBi-Digital O-Ring Test Dysfunction Localization Method,\u201d organ representation points & of wide frequency bandwidth ECG\u2019s & selective high frequency wide bandwidth ECG\u2019s, Japanese Heart Journal., Vol. 23: pp 564-566, supplement, 1982.","journal-title":"Japanese Heart Journal."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012983816715037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Early non-invasive diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases using the \u201cBi-Digital O-Ring Test\u201d and \u201cSelective high-frequency wide band ECG\u2019s\u201d in the presence or absence of abnormalities in standard ECG\u2019s","author":"Omura Y","year":"1983","unstructured":"39)Omura Y, Nisteruk CJ, Losco BroM, Heller SI, Omura A, Cook A, Williams G, Spence D, Early non-invasive diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases using the \u201cBi-Digital O-Ring Test\u201d and \u201cSelective high-frequency wide band ECG\u2019s\u201d in the presence or absence of abnormalities in standard ECG\u2019s, p. 176, in Abstracts of 10th International Congress on Electro-Cardiology and 24th International Symposium on Vectorcardiography, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, August 16-19, 1983."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012983816714858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012985816714612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Application of electro-magnetic energy in acupuncture, 40 minute lecture presented as guest speaker of the 1st Conference of Asian Pacific Association for Laser Medicine and Surgery & International Symposium on Low Energy Laser in Medicine and Surgery, Tokyo \u201985","author":"Omura Y","year":"1985","unstructured":"42)Omura Y, Application of electro-magnetic energy in acupuncture, 40 minute lecture presented as guest speaker of the 1st Conference of Asian Pacific Association for Laser Medicine and Surgery & International Symposium on Low Energy Laser in Medicine and Surgery, Tokyo \u201985, held during July 18-20, 1985, and published in Program and Abstracts of 1st Conference of Asian Pacific Association for Laser Medicine and Surgery & International Symposium on Low Energy Laser in Medicine and Surgery. 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The International Journal."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","first-page":"38","volume-title":"The Journal of Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion","author":"Hida K","year":"1985","unstructured":"45)Hida K: Combining Korean Hand Acupuncture with Omura\u2019s \u201cBi-Digital O-Ring Test,\u201d Ido-No-Nippon. The Journal of Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. vol. 10: pp 38-44, 1985."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Preliminary experiences with Omura\u2019s \u201cBi-Digital O-Ring Test,\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Pontinen P","year":"1985","unstructured":"46)Pontinen P: Preliminary experiences with Omura\u2019s \u201cBi-Digital O-Ring Test,\u201d Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. The International Journal., vol. 10: No. 3, p. 213 (abst.), 1985.","journal-title":"Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 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Ido-No-Nippon-Sha, Tokyo & Yokosuka, Japan, 4th Ed., 1994.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/036012994816357394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"\u201cQuantitative Non-Invasive Estimation of Blood Glucose Level as well as Cholesterol and Uric Acid Levels Using Newly Discovered Bi-Digital O-Ring Extremely Weakening Resonance Phenomenon Between Two Identical Substances of the Identical Weight,\u201d","author":"Omura Y","year":"1994","unstructured":"89)Omura Y, \u201cQuantitative Non-Invasive Estimation of Blood Glucose Level as well as Cholesterol and Uric Acid Levels Using Newly Discovered Bi-Digital O-Ring Extremely Weakening Resonance Phenomenon Between Two Identical Substances of the Identical Weight,\u201d Presented and published in the abstracts of the 4th Japan Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Medical Society Symposium, held at Tokyo University, May 15-16, 1994, pp 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