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Owing to the lack of treatment options, there is a need for novel treatments such as stem cell therapy. Various stem cells including cells from embryo, fetus, perinatal, and adult tissues have proved effective in preclinical and small clinical trials. However, a limiting factor in the success of these treatments is the delivery of the cells and their by-products (neurotrophic factors) into the injured brain. We have demonstrated that mannitol, a drug with the potential to transiently open the blood\u2013brain barrier and facilitate the entry of stem cells and trophic factors, as a solution to the delivery problem. The combination of stem cell therapy and mannitol may improve therapeutic outcomes in adult stroke and neonatal cerebral palsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914x678337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T23:51:13Z","timestamp":1391125873000},"page":"531-539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Mannitol-Enhanced Delivery of Stem Cells and Their Growth Factors across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gabriel S.","family":"Gonzales-Portillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Sanberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Franzblau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gonzales-Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Diamandis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meaghan","family":"Staples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyndy D.","family":"Sanberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saneron CCEL Therapeutics, Saneron CCEL Therapeutics, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar V.","family":"Borlongan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1876893801103010004"},{"key":"bibr2-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(01)00769-X"},{"key":"bibr3-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.881931"},{"key":"bibr4-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00009-0"},{"key":"bibr5-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.6.8.1071"},{"key":"bibr6-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-938-3_23"},{"key":"bibr7-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.298.5592.361c"},{"key":"bibr8-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(03)00043-1"},{"key":"bibr9-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212802002841"},{"key":"bibr10-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000141680.49960.d7"},{"key":"bibr11-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000141680.49960.d7"},{"key":"bibr12-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)90229-5"},{"key":"bibr13-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199808240-00028"},{"key":"bibr14-096368914X678337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.9994"},{"key":"bibr15-096368914X678337","first-page":"66","volume":"6","author":"Broughton B. 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