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Survival of hNSCs labeled with magnetic nanoparticles was successfully detected around injection sites in the brain at 22 months PTx by MRI. Histological examination of brain sections with H&amp;E and Prussian blue staining at 24 months revealed that most of the grafted hNSCs were found located along the injection tract. Grafted hNSCs were found to differentiate into neurons at 24 months PTx. In addition, none of the grafted hNSCs were bromodeoxyuridine positive in the monkey brain, indicating that hNSCs did not replicate in the NHP brain and did not cause tumor formation. This study serves as a proof of principle and provides evidence that hNSCs transplanted in NHP brain could survive and differentiate into neurons in the absence of immunosuppression. It also serves as a preliminary study in our scheduled preclinical studies of hNSC transplantation in NHP stroke models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914x678526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,20]],"date-time":"2015-02-20T20:00:57Z","timestamp":1424462457000},"page":"191-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Long-Term Survival and Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells in Nonhuman Primate Brain with no Immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sang-Rae","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Hoon","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang-Jin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngjeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Yeop","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Sik","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inja","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmentof Physiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zang-Hee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Inchon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Tae","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung U.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.3.396"},{"key":"bibr2-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00174-5"},{"key":"bibr3-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0115-z"},{"key":"bibr4-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.11.34"},{"key":"bibr5-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/3473"},{"key":"bibr6-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1433"},{"key":"bibr7-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1119"},{"key":"bibr8-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.66"},{"key":"bibr9-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-117"},{"key":"bibr10-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2009.80"},{"key":"bibr11-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000083698.20199.1F"},{"key":"bibr12-096368914X678526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1349"},{"key":"bibr13-096368914X678526","volume-title":"Histological and histochemical methods: Theory and practice","author":"Kiernan J. 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