{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:38:57Z","timestamp":1790789937440,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U. S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0822201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0822201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Premise of the study:<\/jats:italic> Bio\u2010ontologies are essential tools for accessing and analyzing the rapidly growing pool of plant genomic and phenomic data. Ontologies provide structured vocabularies to support consistent aggregation of data and a semantic framework for automated analyses and reasoning. They are a key component of the semantic web.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic> This paper provides background on what bio\u2010ontologies are, why they are relevant to botany, and the principles of ontology development. It includes an overview of ontologies and related resources that are relevant to plant science, with a detailed description of the Plant Ontology (PO). We discuss the challenges of building an ontology that covers all green plants (Viridiplantae).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Key results:<\/jats:italic> Ontologies can advance plant science in four keys areas: (1) comparative genetics, genomics, phenomics, and development; (2) taxonomy and systematics; (3) semantic applications; and (4) education.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic> Bio\u2010ontologies offer a flexible framework for comparative plant biology, based on common botanical understanding. 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