{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:49:06Z","timestamp":1773028146699,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Premise of the study:<\/jats:italic> Whereas population genetic studies have examined allopolyploids, comparable studies of naturally occurring autopolyploids remain rare. To address fundamental questions regarding autopolyploidy, we undertook a detailed population genetic study of one of the classic examples of autopolyploidy, <jats:italic>Galax urceolata<\/jats:italic> (Diapensiaceae), which comprises diploid, triploid, and autotetraploid cytotypes. <jats:italic>Galax<\/jats:italic> is endemic to the Appalachian Mountains, the adjacent piedmont, sandhills, and coastal plain and represents perhaps the most widely known example of autopolyploidy in nature.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic> Flow cytometry was used to diagnose ploidal level of \u223c1000 individuals across 71 populations. We used 10 microsatellite markers to examine genetic variation across the geographic range of <jats:italic>Galax<\/jats:italic> and assessed multiple origins though comparisons of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid accessions using multiple analytical approaches.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Key results:<\/jats:italic> Tetraploids had higher levels of heterozygosity than diploids did. Genetic variation in diploid and tetraploid <jats:italic>Galax<\/jats:italic> is geographically structured among the ecoregions of the southeastern United States. Autotetraploidy in <jats:italic>Galax urceolata<\/jats:italic> has occurred independently at least 46 times, with triploidy having occurred a minimum of 31 times.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic> Genetic differentiation among ecoregions suggests historical patterns of local adaptation. The numerous independent origins of tetraploid <jats:italic>Galax<\/jats:italic> reported here are among the highest frequencies of independent polyploidizations ever reported for any polyploid (auto\u2010 or allopolyploid).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1400554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T23:56:54Z","timestamp":1434153414000},"page":"973-982","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Population genetic variation, geographic structure, and multiple origins of autopolyploidy in <i>Galax urceolata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Stein","family":"Servick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clayton J.","family":"Visger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Gitzendanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela S.","family":"Soltis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Soltis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1200199"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"The theoretical population genetics of autopolyploidy","volume":"8","author":"Bever J. D.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.1999.00491.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01769.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2011.02985.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"J. Clausen D. D. Keck W. M. Hiesey 1945 Plant evolution through amphiploidy and autopolyploidy with examples from the Madiinae. Carnegie Institute of Washington Washington D.C. USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800728"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","unstructured":"J. M. J. De Wet 1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-005-9073-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12581"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp106"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"An electrophoretic investigation of Galax urceolata (Diapensiaceae)","volume":"71","author":"Epes D. A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01186.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"V. Grant 1981 Columbia University Press New York New York USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2002.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02860830"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00211043"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2004.00339.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2446502"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm233"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-1-r3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09916"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376813"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1218997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284115"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03218.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","unstructured":"W. H. Lewis 1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","unstructured":"W. H. Lewis 1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"The geobotanical significance of polyploidy. I. Polyploidy and latitude","author":"L\u00f6ve A.","year":"1949","journal-title":"Portugaliae Acta Biologica Series A"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","first-page":"478","article-title":"The similarity index and DNA fingerprinting","volume":"7","author":"Lynch M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syp083"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2004.00770.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/134.2.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1993.t01-9-00999.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"The evolutionary significance of autopolyploidy","volume":"21","author":"M\u00fcntzing A.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2418557"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04705.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","unstructured":"R Development Core Team 2010 R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150437"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"Phylogeny of Diapensiaceae based on molecular data and morphology","volume":"27","author":"R\u00f6nblom K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Systematic Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/150.2.921"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2003.00566.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2011.01787.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. J. Scott 2004","DOI":"10.12968\/sece.2004.5.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.1999.00562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000427"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2418732"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.0800079"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2418558"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689309701903"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(99)01638-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25065732"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1400178"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.13.7051"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00353"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","unstructured":"G. L. Stebbins 1950 Columbia University Press New York New York USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20253"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","unstructured":"D. L. Swofford 2003 Sinauer Sunderland Massachusetts USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.00978.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","unstructured":"J. A. Tate D. E. Soltis P. S. Soltis 2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","unstructured":"USDA Forest Service 2004 U.S. Virgin Islands: National atlas of the United States Reston Virginia USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1984.tb05657.x"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3732\/ajb.1400554","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T16:12:24Z","timestamp":1759853544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.3732\/ajb.1400554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3732\/ajb.1400554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3732\/ajb.1400554","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9122","1537-2197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9122","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}}}