{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T17:53:10Z","timestamp":1768845190192,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P501\/10\/1014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P501\/10\/1014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Botany"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>PREMISE OF THE STUDY:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite being highly fertile and occupying a large geographic region, the North American heartleaf bittercress (<jats:italic>Cardamine cordifolia<\/jats:italic>; Brassicaceae) has a puzzling triploid\u2010like chromosome number (2<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3<jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic> = 24). As most triploids are sterile, we embarked on a detailed analysis of the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cordifolia<\/jats:italic> genome to elucidate its origin and structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mitotic and meiotic chromosome complement of <jats:italic>C. cordifolia<\/jats:italic> was analyzed by comparative chromosome painting using chromosome\u2010specific BAC contigs of <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>. Resulting chromosome patterns were documented by multicolor fluorescence microscopy and compared with known ancestral and extant Brassicaceae genomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>KEY RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We discovered that <jats:italic>C. cordifolia<\/jats:italic> is not a triploid hybrid but a diploidized tetraploid with the prevalence of regular, diploid\u2010like meiotic pairing. The ancestral tetraploid chromosome number (2<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 32) was reduced to a triploid\u2010like number (2<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 24) through four terminal chromosome translocations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The structure of the pseudotriploid <jats:italic>C. cordifolia<\/jats:italic> genome results from a stepwise diploidization process after whole\u2010genome duplication. We showed that translocation\u2010based descending dysploidy (from <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 16 to <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12) was mediated by the formation of five new chromosomes. The genome of <jats:italic>C. cordifolia<\/jats:italic> represents the diploidization process <jats:italic>in statu nascendi<\/jats:italic> and provides valuable insights into mechanisms of postpolyploidy rediploidization in land plants. Our data further suggest that chromosome number alone does not need to be a reliable proxy of species\u2019 evolutionary past and that the same chromosome number may originate either by polyploidization (hybridization) or due to descending dysploidy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1500452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T21:48:57Z","timestamp":1460670537000},"page":"1187-1196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["How diploidization turned a tetraploid into a pseudotriploid"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Terezie","family":"Mand\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Gloss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noah K.","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin A.","family":"Lysak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/35048692","article-title":"Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"408","author":"AGI [Arabidopsis Genome Initiative]","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Documented plant chromosome numbers 65: 3","volume":"2","author":"Bell C. 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