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We examined the function of the pollen presenter and its efficiency in pollen dispersal, female fitness, and the degree of interference created by self\u2010pollen in the shrublet <jats:italic>Polygala vayredae<\/jats:italic>, an insect\u2010pollinated species with secondary pollen presentation. Herkogamy, a mechanism generally involved in the reduction of self\u2010interference, was also evaluated. Significant pollen was lost (49% of total pollen) during the secondary relocation in the pollen presenter. However, pollen was exported from the pollen presenter, and subsequent pollen losses were similar to those in species with primary pollen presentation. Despite the presence of a self\u2010incompatibility system, the numbers of developed pollen tubes as well as fruit and seed production were significantly reduced by the self\u2010pollen interference created at the stigmatic papillae level. The extent of herkogamy correlated positively with female fitness. The secondary pollen presentation mechanism may in fact be an accurate system for pollen transport, but it may also have its costs. Further comparative studies involving species with primary and secondary pollen presentation are needed to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of secondary pollen presentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.2007329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,21]],"date-time":"2008-05-21T12:19:01Z","timestamp":1211372341000},"page":"706-712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["How does secondary pollen presentation affect the fitness of <i>Polygala vayredae<\/i> (Polygalaceae)?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcj012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01006478"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.1983.tb01702.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1991.tb02648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"The structure involved in the presentation of pollen to visiting insects in the Order Campanales","volume":"85","author":"Carolin R. 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