{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:16:51Z","timestamp":1793654211933,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Open Exploration Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/Open_Exploration_Crossmark_Policy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumor, poses a significant therapeutic challenge due to its highly invasive nature and resistance to conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Despite advances in standard treatments, patient survival remains limited, requiring the exploration of innovative strategies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising approach, leveraging light-sensitive photosensitizers (PSs), molecular oxygen, and specific light wavelengths to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that selectively induce tumor cell death. Originally developed for skin cancer, PDT has evolved to target more complex malignancies, including GBM. The refinement of second- and third-generation PS, coupled with advancements in nanotechnology, has significantly improved PDT\u2019s selectivity, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the combination of PDT with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, among other therapeutic modalities, has shown potential in enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the preclinical and clinical applications of PDT in GBM, detailing its mechanisms of action, the evolution of PS, and novel combinatory strategies that optimize treatment efficacy. However, several challenges remain, including overcoming GBM-associated hypoxia, enhancing PS delivery across the blood-brain barrier, and mitigating tumor resistance mechanisms. The integration of PDT with molecular and genetic insight, alongside cutting-edge nanotechnology-based delivery systems, may revolutionize GBM treatment, offering new prospects for improved patient survival and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2025.1002303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T05:18:13Z","timestamp":1743139093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/open_exploration_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["State-of-the-art photodynamic therapy for malignant gliomas: innovations in photosensitizers and combined therapeutic approaches"],"prefix":"10.37349","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4936-3595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno A.","family":"Cesca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoqu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5940-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kali","family":"Pellicer San Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoqu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7362-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u00edas D.","family":"Caverzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnolog\u00edas Energ\u00e9ticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), R\u00edo Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina; Departamento de Patolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula M.","family":"Oliveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoqu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6077-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis E.","family":"Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoqu\u00edmicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"21850","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manrique-Guzm\u00e1n S, Herrada-Pineda T, Revilla-Pacheco F. Surgical Management of Glioblastoma. In: De Vleeschouwer S, editor. Glioblastoma. Brisbane (AU): Codon Publications; 2017. pp. 243\u201361.","DOI":"10.15586\/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch12"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caverzan MD, Ibarra LE. Advancing glioblastoma treatment through iron metabolism: A focus on TfR1 and Ferroptosis innovations. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;278:134777. [PMID: 39153669 DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134777]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134777"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller JJ. Targeting IDH-Mutant Glioma. Neurotherapeutics. 2022;19:1724\u201332. [PMID: 35476295 PMCID: PMC9723039 DOI: 10.1007\/s13311-022-01238-3]","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01238-3"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi H, Sadler PJ. How promising is phototherapy for cancer? Br J Cancer. 2020;123:871\u20133. [PMID: 32587359 PMCID: PMC7492227 DOI: 10.1038\/s41416-020-0926-3]","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0926-3"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akimoto J, Fukami S, Ichikawa M, Mohamed A, Kohno M. Intraoperative Photodiagnosis for Malignant Glioma Using Photosensitizer Talaporfin Sodium. Front Surg. 2019;6:12. [PMID: 30949484 PMCID: PMC6438081 DOI: 10.3389\/fsurg.2019.00012]","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2019.00012"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maruyama T, Muragaki Y, Nitta M, Tsuzuki S, Yasuda T, Ikuta S, et al. Photodynamic Therapy for Malignant Brain Tumors. Jpn J Neurosurg. 2016;25:895\u2013904. Japanese. [DOI: 10.7887\/jcns.25.895]","DOI":"10.7887\/jcns.25.895"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibarra LE. Development of nanosystems for active tumor targeting in photodynamic therapy. Ther Deliv. 2022;13:71\u20134. [PMID: 34842453 DOI: 10.4155\/tde-2021-0083]","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2021-0083"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li G, Wang C, Jin B, Sun T, Sun K, Wang S, et al. Advances in smart nanotechnology-supported photodynamic therapy for cancer. Cell Death Discov. 2024;10:466. [PMID: 39528439 PMCID: PMC11554787 DOI: 10.1038\/s41420-024-02236-4]","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02236-4"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moradi S, Akhavan O, Tayyebi A, Rahighi R, Mohammadzadeh M, Saligheh Rad HR. Magnetite\/dextran-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets for in vivo positive contrast magnetic resonance imaging. RSC Adv. 2015;5:47529\u201337. [DOI: 10.1039\/C5RA03331D]","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ra03331d"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amani H, Habibey R, Hajmiresmail SJ, Latifi S, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Akhavan O. Antioxidant nanomaterials in advanced diagnoses and treatments of ischemia reperfusion injuries. J Mater Chem B. 2017;5:9452\u201376. [PMID: 32264560 DOI: 10.1039\/c7tb01689a]","DOI":"10.1039\/c7tb01689a"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ranji-Burachaloo H, Gurr PA, Dunstan DE, Qiao GG. Cancer Treatment through Nanoparticle-Facilitated Fenton Reaction. ACS Nano. 2018;12:11819\u201337. [PMID: 30457834 DOI: 10.1021\/acsnano.8b07635]","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b07635"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibarra LE, Camorani S, Agnello L, Pedone E, Pirone L, Chesta CA, et al. Selective Photo-Assisted Eradication of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells through Aptamer Decoration of Doped Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:626. [PMID: 35336001 PMCID: PMC8955042 DOI: 10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030626]","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030626"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng B, Ahn HH, Nam H, Jiang Z, Gao FJ, Minn I, et al. A Unique Core-Shell Structured, Glycol Chitosan\u2013Based Nanoparticle Achieves Cancer-Selective Gene Delivery with Reduced Off-Target Effects. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:373. [PMID: 35214105 PMCID: PMC8878887 DOI: 10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020373]","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020373"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Assali A, Akhavan O, Adeli M, Razzazan S, Dinarvand R, Zanganeh S, et al. Multifunctional core-shell nanoplatforms (gold@graphene oxide) with mediated NIR thermal therapy to promote miRNA delivery. Nanomedicine. 2018;14:1891\u2013903. [PMID: 29885900 DOI: 10.1016\/j.nano.2018.05.016]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.05.016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu SF, Li MJ, Liang B, Sun W, Shao Y, Hu X, et al. Breaking the barrier: Nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy as the new vanguard in brain tumor treatment. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1394816. [PMID: 39021831 PMCID: PMC11252536 DOI: 10.3389\/fphar.2024.1394816]","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1394816"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yabo YA, Heiland DH. Understanding glioblastoma at the single-cell level: Recent advances and future challenges. PLoS Biol. 2024;22:e3002640. [PMID: 38814900 PMCID: PMC11139343 DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002640]","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002640"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khasraw M, Fujita Y, Lee-Chang C, Balyasnikova IV, Najem H, Heimberger AB. New Approaches to Glioblastoma. Annu Rev Med. 2022;73:279\u201392. [PMID: 34665646 PMCID: PMC9479165 DOI: 10.1146\/annurev-med-042420-102102]","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042420-102102"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirsching HG, Galanis E, Weller M. Glioblastoma. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;134:381\u201397. [PMID: 26948367 DOI: 10.1016\/B978-0-12-802997-8.00023-2]","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802997-8.00023-2"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam JY, de Groot JF. Treatment of Glioblastoma. J Oncol Pract. 2017;13:629\u201338. [PMID: 29020535 DOI: 10.1200\/JOP.2017.025536]","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2017.025536"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Bauchet L, Davis FG, Deltour I, Fisher JL, Langer CE, et al. The epidemiology of glioma in adults: a \u201cstate of the science\u201d review. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16:896\u2013913. [PMID: 24842956 PMCID: PMC4057143 DOI: 10.1093\/neuonc\/nou087]","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou087"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gunasegaran B, Ashley CL, Marsh-Wakefield F, Guillemin GJ, Heng B. Viruses in glioblastoma: an update on evidence and clinical trials. BJC Rep. 2024;2:33. [PMID: 39516641 PMCID: PMC11524015 DOI: 10.1038\/s44276-024-00051-z]","DOI":"10.1038\/s44276-024-00051-z"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Urba\u0144ska K, Soko\u0142owska J, Szmidt M, Sysa P. Glioblastoma multiforme \u2013 an overview. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2014;18:307\u201312. Polish. [PMID: 25477751 PMCID: PMC4248049 DOI: 10.5114\/wo.2014.40559]","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2014.40559"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aldape K, Zadeh G, Mansouri S, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A. Glioblastoma: pathology, molecular mechanisms and markers. Acta Neuropathol. 2015;129:829\u201348. [PMID: 25943888 DOI: 10.1007\/s00401-015-1432-1]","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1432-1"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. The definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:764\u201372. [PMID: 23209033 DOI: 10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3002]","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-12-3002"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tan AC, Ashley DM, L\u00f3pez GY, Malinzak M, Friedman HS, Khasraw M. Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70:299\u2013312. [PMID: 32478924 DOI: 10.3322\/caac.21613]","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21613"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whitfield BT, Huse JT. Classification of adult-type diffuse gliomas: Impact of the World Health Organization 2021 update. Brain Pathol. 2022;32:e13062. [PMID: 35289001 PMCID: PMC9245936 DOI: 10.1111\/bpa.13062]","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13062"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu D, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Ruiz-Rodado V, Larion M, Xu G, et al. Triptolide suppresses IDH1-mutated malignancy via Nrf2-driven glutathione metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:9964\u201372. [PMID: 32312817 PMCID: PMC7211987 DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.1913633117]","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913633117"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krigers A, Pinggera D, Demetz M, Kornberger LM, Kerschbaumer J, Thom\u00e9 C, et al. The Routine Application of Tumor-Treating Fields in the Treatment of Glioblastoma WHO\u00b0 IV. Front Neurol. 2022;13:900377. [PMID: 35785334 PMCID: PMC9243748 DOI: 10.3389\/fneur.2022.900377]","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.900377"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mikic N, Gentilal N, Cao F, Lok E, Wong ET, Ballo M, et al. Tumor-treating fields dosimetry in glioblastoma: Insights into treatment planning, optimization, and dose\u2013response relationships. Neurooncol Adv. 2024;6:vdae032. [PMID: 38560348 PMCID: PMC10981464 DOI: 10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae032]","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae032"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00e4hr O, Tabatabai G, Fietkau R, Goldbrunner R, Glas M. Tumor treating fields (TTFields) therapy in patients with glioblastoma: Long-term survival results from TTFields in Germany in routine clinical care (TIGER) study. JCO. 2024;42:2036. [DOI: 10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_SUPPL.2036]","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.2036"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang L, Ren Y, Peng Y, Luo Y, Liu Y, Wang X, et al. Tumor treating fields for newly diagnosed high-grade glioma based on the criteria of 2021 WHO CNS5: A retrospective analysis of Chinese patients in a single center. Cancer Med. 2024;13:e7350. [PMID: 38859683 PMCID: PMC11165168 DOI: 10.1002\/cam4.7350]","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7350"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibarra LE, Vilchez ML, Caverz\u00e1n MD, Milla Sanabria LN. Understanding the glioblastoma tumor biology to optimize photodynamic therapy: From molecular to cellular events. J Neurosci Res. 2021;99:1024\u201347. [PMID: 33370846 DOI: 10.1002\/jnr.24776]","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24776"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nagai K, Akimoto J, Fukami S, Saito Y, Ogawa E, Takanashi M, et al. Efficacy of interstitial photodynamic therapy using talaporfin sodium and a semiconductor laser for a mouse allograft glioma model. Sci Rep. 2024;14:9137. [PMID: 38644422 PMCID: PMC11033255 DOI: 10.1038\/s41598-024-59955-y]","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59955-y"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stummer W, M\u00fcther M, Spille D. Beyond fluorescence-guided resection: 5-ALA-based glioblastoma therapies. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2024;166:163. [PMID: 38563988 PMCID: PMC10987337 DOI: 10.1007\/s00701-024-06049-3]","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-024-06049-3"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lilge L, Portnoy M, Wilson BC. Apoptosis induced in vivo by photodynamic therapy in normal brain and intracranial tumour tissue. Br J Cancer. 2000;83:1110\u20137. [PMID: 10993661 PMCID: PMC2363569 DOI: 10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1426]","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1426"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caverz\u00e1n MD, Oliveda PM, Beaug\u00e9 L, Palacios RE, Chesta CA, Ibarra LE. Metronomic Photodynamic Therapy with Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles in Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment. Cells. 2023;12:1541. [DOI: 10.3390\/cells12111541]","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111541"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saito Y, Fukami S, Nagai K, Ogawa E, Kuroda M, Kohno M, et al. Cytocidal Effects of Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy Using Talaporfin Sodium and a Semiconductor Laser in a Rat Intracerebral Glioma Model. Biomedicines. 2024;12:2141. [PMID: 39335654 PMCID: PMC11430772 DOI: 10.3390\/biomedicines12092141]","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12092141"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marinho MAG, da Silva Marques M, de Oliveira Vian C, de Moraes Vaz Batista Filgueira D, Horn AP. Photodynamic therapy with curcumin and near-infrared radiation as an antitumor strategy to glioblastoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2024;100:105917. [PMID: 39142446 DOI: 10.1016\/j.tiv.2024.105917]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2024.105917"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pevna V, Wagni\u00e8res G, Huntosova V. Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced in U87 MG Glioblastoma Cells by Hypericin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Can Be Photobiomodulated with 808 nm Light. Biomedicines. 2021;9:1703. [PMID: 34829932 PMCID: PMC8615841 DOI: 10.3390\/biomedicines9111703]","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111703"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mishchenko T, Balalaeva I, Gorokhova A, Vedunova M, Krysko DV. Which cell death modality wins the contest for photodynamic therapy of cancer? Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:455. [PMID: 35562364 PMCID: PMC9106666 DOI: 10.1038\/s41419-022-04851-4]","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04851-4"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Turubanova VD, Balalaeva IV, Mishchenko TA, Catanzaro E, Alzeibak R, Peskova NN, et al. Immunogenic cell death induced by a new photodynamic therapy based on photosens and photodithazine. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7:350. [PMID: 31842994 PMCID: PMC6916435 DOI: 10.1186\/s40425-019-0826-3]","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0826-3"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Doan BT, Gasser G. Metal-Based Photosensitizers as Inducers of Regulated Cell Death Mechanisms. Chem Rev. 2023;123:10135\u201355. [PMID: 37534710 DOI: 10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00161]","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00161"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bai W, Xue Y, Guo Y, Zhang D, Ma K, Chen Z, et al. Reactive oxygen species produced by photodynamic therapy enhance docosahexaenoic acid lipid peroxidation and induce the death of breast cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2024;241:114012. [PMID: 38850743 DOI: 10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114012]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114012"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiong T, Chen Y, Peng Q, Lu S, Long S, Li M, et al. Lipid Droplet Targeting Type I Photosensitizer for Ferroptosis via Lipid Peroxidation Accumulation. Adv Mater. 2024;36:e2309711. [PMID: 37983647 DOI: 10.1002\/adma.202309711]","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202309711"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou W, Lim A, Elmadbouh OHM, Edderkaoui M, Osipov A, Mathison AJ, et al. Verteporfin induces lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024;212:493\u2013504. [PMID: 38184120 PMCID: PMC10906657 DOI: 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.003]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.003"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui S, Guo X, Wang S, Wei Z, Huang D, Zhang X, et al. Singlet Oxygen in Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17:1274. [PMID: 39458915 PMCID: PMC11510636 DOI: 10.3390\/ph17101274]","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101274"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu L, Hu J, Yan X, Zhao H, Geng M, Zhang J, et al. Overcoming therapeutic limitations in glioblastoma treatment: A nanocomposite inducing ferroptosis and oxeiptosis via Photodynamic therapy. Chem Eng J. 2024;500:157405. [DOI: 10.1016\/J.CEJ.2024.157405]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.157405"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shinde VR, Revi N, Murugappan S, Singh SP, Rengan AK. Enhanced permeability and retention effect: A key facilitator for solid tumor targeting by nanoparticles. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;39:102915. [PMID: 35597441 DOI: 10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102915]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102915"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fakudze N, Abrahamse H, George B. Nanoparticles improved pheophorbide-a mediated photodynamic therapy for cancer. Lasers Med Sci. 2025;40:78. [PMID: 39918741 PMCID: PMC11805798 DOI: 10.1007\/s10103-025-04320-2]","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04320-2"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun C, Wang Y, Tang Q, Yang D, Hou L, Cao Z, et al. Tumor microenvironment activated and amplified self-luminescent nano photosensitizers for efficient treatment of triple negative breast cancer. Chem Eng J. 2024;494:152400. [DOI: 10.1016\/J.CEJ.2024.152400]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152400"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benayoun L, Schaffer M, Bril R, Gingis-Velitski S, Segal E, Nevelsky A, et al. Porfimer-sodium (Photofrin-II) in combination with ionizing radiation inhibits tumor-initiating cell proliferation and improves glioblastoma treatment efficacy. Cancer Biol Ther. 2013;14:64\u201374. [PMID: 23114641 PMCID: PMC3566055 DOI: 10.4161\/cbt.22630]","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.22630"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Porphyrin-based compounds and their applications in materials and medicine. Dye Pigment. 2021;188:109136. [DOI: 10.1016\/J.DYEPIG.2021.109136]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2021.109136"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsia T, Small JL, Yekula A, Batool SM, Escobedo AK, Ekanayake E, et al. Systematic Review of Photodynamic Therapy in Gliomas. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15:3918. [PMID: 37568734 PMCID: PMC10417382 DOI: 10.3390\/cancers15153918]","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153918"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cramer SW, Chen CC. Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Surg. 2020;6:81. [PMID: 32039232 PMCID: PMC6985206 DOI: 10.3389\/fsurg.2019.00081]","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2019.00081"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leroy HA, Baert G, Guerin L, Delhem N, Mordon S, Reyns N, et al. Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy for Glioblastomas: A Standardized Procedure for Clinical Use. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:5754. [PMID: 34830908 PMCID: PMC8616201 DOI: 10.3390\/cancers13225754]","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225754"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dupont C, Vermandel M, Leroy HA, Quidet M, Lecomte F, Delhem N, et al. INtraoperative photoDYnamic Therapy for GliOblastomas (INDYGO): Study Protocol for a Phase I Clinical Trial. Neurosurgery. 2019;84:E414\u20139. [PMID: 30053213 DOI: 10.1093\/neuros\/nyy324]","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy324"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fujishiro T, Nonoguchi N, Pavliukov M, Ohmura N, Kawabata S, Park Y, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy can target human glioma stem-like cells refractory to antineoplastic agents. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018;24:58\u201368. [PMID: 29990642 DOI: 10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.07.004]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.07.004"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neagu M, Constantin C, Tampa M, Matei C, Lupu A, Manole E, et al. Toxicological and efficacy assessment of post-transition metal (Indium) phthalocyanine for photodynamic therapy in neuroblastoma. Oncotarget. 2016;7:69718\u201332. [PMID: 27626486 PMCID: PMC5342510 DOI: 10.18632\/oncotarget.11942]","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11942"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcus SL, Sobel RS, Golub AL, Carroll RL, Lundahl S, Shulman DG. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodiagnosis (PD) using endogenous photosensitization induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA): current clinical and development status. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996;14:59\u201366. [PMID: 9484077 DOI: 10.1089\/clm.1996.14.59]","DOI":"10.1089\/clm.1996.14.59"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allison RR, Sibata CH. Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: a clinical review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2010;7:61\u201375. [PMID: 20510301 DOI: 10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casas A. Clinical uses of 5-aminolaevulinic acid in photodynamic treatment and photodetection of cancer: A review. Cancer Lett. 2020;490:165\u201373. [PMID: 32534172 DOI: 10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.06.008]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.06.008"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beck TJ, Burkanas M, Bagdonas S, Krivickiene Z, Beyer W, Sroka R, et al. Two-photon photodynamic therapy of C6 cells by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2007;87:174\u201382. [PMID: 17513121 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2007.03.008]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2007.03.008"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopez RF, Lange N, Guy R, Bentley MV. Photodynamic therapy of skin cancer: controlled drug delivery of 5-ALA and its esters. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:77\u201394. [PMID: 14706446 DOI: 10.1016\/j.addr.2003.09.002]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.09.002"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naidoo C, Kruger CA, Abrahamse H. Simultaneous Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma. Molecules. 2019;24:3153. [PMID: 31470637 PMCID: PMC6749501 DOI: 10.3390\/molecules24173153]","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173153"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Novotny A, Stummer W. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and the Blood-Brain Barrier \u2013 A Review. Med Laser Appl. 2003;18:36\u201340. [DOI: 10.1078\/1615-1615-00085]","DOI":"10.1078\/1615-1615-00085"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pacioni S, D\u2019Alessandris QG, Giannetti S, Della Pepa GM, Offi M, Giordano M, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA)-Induced Protoporphyrin IX Fluorescence by Glioma Cells\u2014A Fluorescence Microscopy Clinical Study. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14:2844. [PMID: 35740509 PMCID: PMC9221265 DOI: 10.3390\/cancers14122844]","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14122844"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhanja D, Wilding H, Baroz A, Trifoi M, Shenoy G, Slagle-Webb B, et al. Photodynamic Therapy for Glioblastoma: Illuminating the Path toward Clinical Applicability. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15:3427. [PMID: 37444537 PMCID: PMC10341187 DOI: 10.3390\/cancers15133427]","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133427"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones PS, Yekula A, Lansbury E, Small JL, Ayinon C, Mordecai S, et al. Characterization of plasma-derived protoporphyrin-IX-positive extracellular vesicles following 5-ALA use in patients with malignant glioma. EBioMedicine. 2019;48:23\u201335. [PMID: 31628025 PMCID: PMC6838454 DOI: 10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.09.025]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.09.025"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meng Z, Xue H, Wang T, Chen B, Dong X, Yang L, et al. Aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy in cancer: from chemical to clinical. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022;20:344. [PMID: 35883086 PMCID: PMC9327335 DOI: 10.1186\/s12951-022-01553-z]","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01553-z"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sokol MB, Beganovskaya VA, Mollaeva MR, Yabbarov NG, Chirkina MV, Belykh DV, et al. Pharmaceutical Approach to Develop Novel Photosensitizer Nanoformulation: An Example of Design and Characterization Rationale of Chlorophyll \u03b1 Derivative. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16:126. [PMID: 38258135 PMCID: PMC10818748 DOI: 10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010126]","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010126"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kubota F, Satrialdi, Takano Y, Maeki M, Tokeshi M, Harashima H, et al. Fine-tuning the encapsulation of a photosensitizer in nanoparticles reveals the relationship between internal structure and phototherapeutic effects. J Biophotonics. 2023;16:e202200119. [PMID: 36054273 DOI: 10.1002\/jbio.202200119]","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202200119"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhao M, Cheng D, Zhu J, Cheng B, Miao M, et al. Self-Assembled Type I Nanophotosensitizer with NIR-II Fluorescence Emission for Imaging-Guided Targeted Phototherapy of Glioblastoma. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2024;7:22117\u201329. [DOI: 10.1021\/acsanm.4c04201]","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c04201.s001"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dixit S, Novak T, Miller K, Zhu Y, Kenney ME, Broome AM. Transferrin receptor-targeted theranostic gold nanoparticles for photosensitizer delivery in brain tumors. Nanoscale. 2015;7:1782\u201390. [PMID: 25519743 PMCID: PMC4437576 DOI: 10.1039\/c4nr04853a]","DOI":"10.1039\/c4nr04853a"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cesca BA, Caverzan MD, Lamberti MJ, Ibarra LE. Enhancing Therapeutic Approaches in Glioblastoma with Pro-Oxidant Treatments and Synergistic Combinations: In Vitro Experience of Doxorubicin and Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:7525. [PMID: 39062770 PMCID: PMC11277534 DOI: 10.3390\/ijms25147525]","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147525"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamaguchi S, Kobayashi H, Narita T, Kanehira K, Sonezaki S, Kubota Y, et al. Novel photodynamic therapy using water-dispersed TiO2-polyethylene glycol compound: evaluation of antitumor effect on glioma cells and spheroids in vitro. Photochem Photobiol. 2010;86:964\u201371. [PMID: 20492566 DOI: 10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00742.x]","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00742.x"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jard\u00f3n-Guadarrama G, Manr\u00edquez-Ram\u00edrez ME, Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez CE, D\u00edaz-Ruiz A, de los \u00c1ngeles Mart\u00ednez-C\u00e1rdenas M, Mata-Bermudez A, et al. TiO2-ZnPc nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid as a target photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy against glioblastoma cells. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2024;35:1\u201313. [DOI: 10.1007\/S10856-024-06823-W]","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-024-06823-w"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meyers JD, Cheng Y, Broome AM, Agnes RS, Schluchter MD, Margevicius S, et al. Peptide-Targeted Gold Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy of Brain Cancer. Part Part Syst Charact. 2015;32:448\u201357. [PMID: 25999665 PMCID: PMC4437573 DOI: 10.1002\/ppsc.201400119]","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.201400119"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seabra MABL, Dubois LG, dos Santos-J\u00fanior EF, Cavalcanti Santos RV, de Castro Neto AG, Isaac AR, et al. CdTe quantum dots as fluorescent nanotools for in vivo glioblastoma imaging. Opt Mater X. 2024;21:100282. [DOI: 10.1016\/J.OMX.2023.100282]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omx.2023.100282"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang C, Zhao X, Li D, Ji F, Dong A, Chen X, et al. Advances in 5-aminoketovaleric acid(5-ALA) nanoparticle delivery system based on cancer photodynamic therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2022;78:103933. [DOI: 10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103933]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103933"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Tian Y, Liao X, Tang Y, Ni Q, Sun J, et al. Enhancing selective photosensitizer accumulation and oxygen supply for high-efficacy photodynamic therapy toward glioma by 5-aminolevulinic acid loaded nanoplatform. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2020;565:483\u201393. [PMID: 31982715 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.01.020]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.01.020"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang M, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Zheng T, Mohammadniaei M, Wang W, et al. Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles Containing an Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (aPDL1) to Locally Induce Immune Responses in the Central Nervous System. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31:2102274. [DOI: 10.1002\/adfm.202102274]","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202102274"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foresto E, Gilardi P, Ibarra LE, Cogno IS. Light-activated green drugs: How we can use them in photodynamic therapy and mass-produce them with biotechnological tools. Phytomedicine Plus. 2021;1:100044. [DOI: 10.1016\/j.phyplu.2021.100044]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2021.100044"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kulkarni SK, Dhir A. Berberine: a plant alkaloid with therapeutic potential for central nervous system disorders. Phytother Res. 2010;24:317\u201324. [PMID: 19998323 DOI: 10.1002\/ptr.2968]","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2968"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luiza Andreazza N, Vevert-Bizet C, Bourg-Heckly G, Sureau F, Jos\u00e9 Salvador M, Bonneau S. Berberine as a photosensitizing agent for antitumoral photodynamic therapy: Insights into its association to low density lipoproteins. Int J Pharm. 2016;510:240\u20139. [PMID: 27282536 DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.06.009]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.06.009"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grimland JL, Wu C, Ramoutar RR, Brumaghim JL, McNeill J. Photosensitizer-doped conjugated polymernanoparticles with high cross-sections for one- and two-photon excitation. Nanoscale. 2011;3:1451\u20135. [PMID: 21293789 DOI: 10.1039\/c0nr00834f]","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nr00834f"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meng Z, Hou W, Zhou H, Zhou L, Chen H, Wu C. Therapeutic Considerations and Conjugated Polymer-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Macromol Rapid Commun. 2018;39: 1700614. [PMID: 29251383 DOI: 10.1002\/marc.201700614]","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201700614"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ponzio RA, Ibarra LE, Achilli EE, Odella E, Chesta CA, Mart\u00ednez SR, et al. Sweet light o\u2019 mine: Photothermal and photodynamic inactivation of tenacious pathogens using conjugated polymers. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2022;234:112510. [PMID: 36049287 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112510]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112510"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Wu M, Li H, Jiang J, Zhou S, Chen W, et al. Enhancing Penetration Ability of Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for Sonodynamic Therapy of Large Solid Tumor. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9:e2104125. [PMID: 34989170 PMCID: PMC8867194 DOI: 10.1002\/advs.202104125]","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104125"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spada RM, Macor LP, Hern\u00e1ndez LI, Ponzio RA, Ibarra LE, Lorente C, et al. Amplified singlet oxygen generation in metallated-porphyrin doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Dye Pigment. 2018;149:212\u201323. [DOI: 10.1016\/j.dyepig.2017.09.044]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2017.09.044"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feyen PLC, Matar\u00e8se BFE, Urbano L, Abelha TF, Rahmoune H, Green M, et al. Photosensitized and Photothermal Stimulation of Cellular Membranes by Organic Thin Films and Nanoparticles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:932877. [PMID: 35875499 PMCID: PMC9302485 DOI: 10.3389\/fbioe.2022.932877]","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.932877"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ortiz Ortiz AM, George O, Jasim K, Gesquiere AJ. Photodynamic Therapy with Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Considerations. J Cancer Treat Diagnosis. 2018;2:1\u20136. [DOI: 10.29245\/2578-2967\/2018\/3.1134]","DOI":"10.29245\/2578-2967\/2018\/3.1134"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibarra LE, Porcal GV, Macor LP, Ponzio RA, Spada RM, Lorente C, et al. Metallated porphyrin-doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles for efficient photodynamic therapy of brain and colorectal tumor cells. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2018;13:605\u201324. [PMID: 29376764 DOI: 10.2217\/nnm-2017-0292]","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0292"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caverz\u00e1n MD, Beaug\u00e9 L, Chesta CA, Palacios RE, Ibarra LE. Photodynamic therapy of Glioblastoma cells using doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles: An in vitro comparative study based on redox status. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2020;212:112045. [PMID: 33022469 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.112045]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.112045"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dilenko H, Barto\u0148 Tom\u00e1nkov\u00e1 K, V\u00e1lkov\u00e1 L, Ho\u0161\u00edkov\u00e1 B, Kola\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1 M, Malina L, et al. Graphene-Based Photodynamic Therapy and Overcoming Cancer Resistance Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Nanomedicine. 2024;19:5637\u201380. [PMID: 38882538 PMCID: PMC11179671 DOI: 10.2147\/IJN.S461300]","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s461300"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Emamy H. Nontoxic concentrations of PEGylated graphene nanoribbons for selective cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy. J Mater Chem. 2012;22:20626\u201333. [DOI: 10.1039\/C2JM34330D]","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm34330d"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan X, Niu G, Lin J, Jin AJ, Hu H, Tang Y, et al. Enhanced fluorescence imaging guided photodynamic therapy of sinoporphyrin sodium loaded graphene oxide. Biomaterials. 2015;42:94\u2013102. [PMID: 25542797 PMCID: PMC4280503 DOI: 10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.11.040]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.11.040"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalluru P, Vankayala R, Chiang CS, Hwang KC. Nano-graphene oxide-mediated In vivo fluorescence imaging and bimodal photodynamic and photothermal destruction of tumors. Biomaterials. 2016;95:1\u201310. [PMID: 27108401 DOI: 10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.04.006]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.04.006"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang B, Guo H, Xu H, Chen Y, Zhao G, Yu H. The Role of Graphene Oxide Nanocarriers in Treating Gliomas. Front Oncol. 2022;12:736177. [PMID: 35155223 PMCID: PMC8831729 DOI: 10.3389\/fonc.2022.736177]","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.736177"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu H, Feng R, Li D, Shi M, Wang N, Wang Y, et al. A multifunctional graphene oxide-based nanodrug delivery system for tumor targeted diagnosis and treatment under chemotherapy-photothermal-photodynamic synergy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2025;248:114479. [PMID: 39740485 DOI: 10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114479]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114479"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang H, Liu D, Song S, Wang X, Zhang H. Graphene oxide covalently grafted upconversion nanoparticles for combined NIR mediated imaging and photothermal\/photodynamic cancer therapy. Biomaterials. 2013;34:7715\u201324. [PMID: 23859660 DOI: 10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.06.045]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.06.045"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akhavan O, Ghaderi E. Flash photo stimulation of human neural stem cells on graphene\/TiO2 heterojunction for differentiation into neurons. Nanoscale. 2013;5:10316\u201326. [PMID: 24056702 DOI: 10.1039\/c3nr02161k]","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr02161k"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0141awkowska K, Pokrywczy\u0144ska M, Koper K, Kluth LA, Drewa T, Adamowicz J. Application of Graphene in Tissue Engineering of the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23:33. [PMID: 35008456 PMCID: PMC8745025 DOI: 10.3390\/ijms23010033]","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010033"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saadati M, Akhavan O, Fazli H, Nemati S, Baharvand H. Controlled Differentiation of Human Neural Progenitor Cells on Molybdenum Disulfide\/Graphene Oxide Heterojunction Scaffolds by Photostimulation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023;15:3713\u201330. [PMID: 36633466 DOI: 10.1021\/acsami.2c15431]","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c15431"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park SY, Park J, Sim SH, Sung MG, Kim KS, Hong BH, et al. Enhanced differentiation of human neural stem cells into neurons on graphene. Adv Mater. 2011;23:H263\u20137. [PMID: 21823178 DOI: 10.1002\/adma.201101503]","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201101503"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hong SW, Lee JH, Kang SH, Hwang EY, Hwang YS, Lee MH, et al. Enhanced neural cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth on graphene-based biomimetic substrates. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:212149. [PMID: 24592382 PMCID: PMC3925629 DOI: 10.1155\/2014\/212149]","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/212149"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fabbri R, Scid\u00e0 A, Saracino E, Conte G, Kovtun A, Candini A, et al. Graphene oxide electrodes enable electrical stimulation of distinct calcium signalling in brain astrocytes. Nat Nanotechnol. 2024;19:1344\u201353. [PMID: 38987650 PMCID: PMC11405283 DOI: 10.1038\/s41565-024-01711-4]","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01797-w"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arias-Ramos N, Ibarra LE, Serrano-Torres M, Yag\u00fce B, Caverz\u00e1n MD, Chesta CA, et al. Iron Oxide Incorporated Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Use in Magnetic Resonance and Fluorescent Imaging of Brain Tumors. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13:1258. [PMID: 34452219 PMCID: PMC8400017 DOI: 10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081258]","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081258"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ma Y, Shi K, Chen H, Han X, Wei C, et al. Self-Disassembling and Oxygen-Generating Porphyrin-Lipoprotein Nanoparticle for Targeted Glioblastoma Resection and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Mater. 2024;36:e2307454. [PMID: 38299428 DOI: 10.1002\/adma.202307454]","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202307454"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo B, Sheng Z, Hu D, Liu C, Zheng H, Liu B. Through Scalp and Skull NIR-II Photothermal Therapy of Deep Orthotopic Brain Tumors with Precise Photoacoustic Imaging Guidance. Adv Mater. 2018;30:e1802591. [PMID: 30129690 DOI: 10.1002\/adma.201802591]","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802591"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nuthalapati K, Vankayala R, Shanmugam M, Thangudu S, Chiang CS, Hwang KC. Engineering Tumor-Specific Nanotheranostic Agent with MR Image-Guided NIR-II & -III Photodynamic Therapy to Combat Against Deeply Seated Orthotopic Glioblastoma. Small Sci. 2024;4:2400191. [DOI: 10.1002\/SMSC.202400191]","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202400191"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng W, Duan Z, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang C, Pan Y, et al. Macrophage membrane-camouflaged pure-drug nanomedicine for synergistic chemo- and interstitial photodynamic therapy against glioblastoma. Acta Biomater. 2025;193:392\u2013405. [PMID: 39800099 DOI: 10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.01.016]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.01.016"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin Y, Tang W, Ma X, Tang L, Zhang Y, Yang M, et al. Wang, Biomimetic neutrophil and macrophage dual membrane-coated nanoplatform with orchestrated tumor-microenvironment responsive capability promotes therapeutic efficacy against glioma. Chem Eng J. 2022;433:133848. [DOI: 10.1016\/J.CEJ.2021.133848]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133848"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu P, Lan S, Gao D, Hu D, Chen Z, Li Z, et al. Targeted blood-brain barrier penetration and precise imaging of infiltrative glioblastoma margins using hybrid cell membrane-coated ICG liposomes. J Nanobiotechnology. 2024;22:603. [PMID: 39367395 PMCID: PMC11452969 DOI: 10.1186\/s12951-024-02870-1]","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02870-1"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lv B, Zhao Y, Liang Y, Cao J. Extracellular vesicles: An advanced delivery platform for photosensitizers in tumor photodynamic therapy. Chem Eng J. 2024;498:155438. [DOI: 10.1016\/J.CEJ.2024.155438]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.155438"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poinsot V, Pizzinat N, Ong-Meang V. Engineered and Mimicked Extracellular Nanovesicles for Therapeutic Delivery. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2024;14:639. [PMID: 38607173 PMCID: PMC11013861 DOI: 10.3390\/nano14070639]","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14070639"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fang X, Gong R, Yang D, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. NIR-II Light-Driven Genetically Engineered Exosome Nanocatalysts for Efficient Phototherapy against Glioblastoma. J Am Chem Soc. 2024;146:15251\u201363. [PMID: 38780071 DOI: 10.1021\/jacs.4c02530]","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c02530.s001"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hill ML, Chung SJ, Woo HJ, Park CR, Hadrick K, Nafiujjaman M, et al. Exosome-Coated Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Specific Targeting and Treatment of Glioblastoma. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024;16:20286\u2013301. [PMID: 38598311 PMCID: PMC11056931 DOI: 10.1021\/acsami.4c02364]","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c02364"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osman H, Elsahy D, Saadatzadeh MR, Pollok KE, Yocom S, Hattab EM, et al. Acridine Orange as a Novel Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy in Glioblastoma. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:e1310\u20135. [PMID: 29631084 DOI: 10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.03.207]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.03.207"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkahtani S, S Al-Johani N, Alarifi S, Afzal M. Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Blue-Light-Activated Curcumin in T98G Cell Line: Inducing Apoptosis through ROS-Dependent Downregulation of MMP Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:3842. [PMID: 36835252 PMCID: PMC9961595 DOI: 10.3390\/ijms24043842]","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043842"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makarov VI, Skobeltsin AS, Averchuk AS, Berdnikov AK, Chinenkova MV, Salmina AB, et al. Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with the Photosensitizer Methylene Blue on Cerebral Endotheliocytes In Vitro. Photonics. 2024;11:316. [DOI: 10.3390\/PHOTONICS11040316]","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics11040316"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schipmann S, M\u00fcther M, St\u00f6gbauer L, Zimmer S, Brokinkel B, Holling M, et al. Combination of ALA-induced fluorescence-guided resection and intraoperative open photodynamic therapy for recurrent glioblastoma: case series on a promising dual strategy for local tumor control. J Neurosurg. 2020;134:426\u201336. [PMID: 31978877 DOI: 10.3171\/2019.11.JNS192443]","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.11.jns192443"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stepp H, Stummer W. 5-ALA in the management of malignant glioma. Lasers Surg Med. 2018;50:399\u2013419. [PMID: 29737540 DOI: 10.1002\/lsm.22933]","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22933"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stepp H, Beck T, Pongratz T, Meinel T, Kreth FW, Tonn JCh, et al. ALA and malignant glioma: fluorescence-guided resection and photodynamic treatment. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2007;26:157\u201364. [PMID: 17725542 DOI: 10.1615\/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.v26.i2.110]","DOI":"10.1615\/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.v26.i2.110"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walke A, Krone C, Stummer W, K\u00f6nig S, Suero Molina E. Protoporphyrin IX in serum of high-grade glioma patients: A novel target for disease monitoring via liquid biopsy. Sci Rep. 2024;14:4297. [PMID: 38383693 PMCID: PMC10881484 DOI: 10.1038\/s41598-024-54478-y]","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54478-y"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pepper NB, Eich HT, M\u00fcther M, Oertel M, Rehn S, Spille DC, et al. ALA-RDT in GBM: protocol of the phase I\/II dose escalation trial of radiodynamic therapy with 5-Aminolevulinic acid in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Radiat Oncol. 2024;19:11. [PMID: 38254201 PMCID: PMC10804590 DOI: 10.1186\/s13014-024-02408-7]","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-024-02408-7"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaneko S, Fujimoto S, Yamaguchi H, Yamauchi T, Yoshimoto T, Tokuda K. Photodynamic Therapy of Malignant Gliomas. Prog Neurol Surg. 2018;32:1\u201313. [PMID: 29990969 DOI: 10.1159\/000469675]","DOI":"10.1159\/000469675"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaneko S, Kaneko S. Fluorescence-Guided Resection of Malignant Glioma with 5-ALA. Int J Biomed Imaging. 2016;2016:6135293. [PMID: 27429612 PMCID: PMC4939363 DOI: 10.1155\/2016\/6135293]","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6135293"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muragaki Y, Akimoto J, Maruyama T, Iseki H, Ikuta S, Nitta M, et al. Phase II clinical study on intraoperative photodynamic therapy with talaporfin sodium and semiconductor laser in patients with malignant brain tumors. J Neurosurg. 2013;119:845\u201352. [PMID: 23952800 DOI: 10.3171\/2013.7.JNS13415]","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.7.jns13415"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kostron H, Obwegeser A, Jakober R. Photodynamic therapy in neurosurgery: a review. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1996;36:157\u201368. [PMID: 9002253 DOI: 10.1016\/s1011-1344(96)07364-2]","DOI":"10.1016\/s1011-1344(96)07364-2"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmermann A, Ritsch-Marte M, Kostron H. mTHPC-mediated photodynamic diagnosis of malignant brain tumors. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74:611\u20136. [PMID: 11683042]","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)074<0611:MMPDOM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eljamel MS, Goodman C, Moseley H. ALA and Photofrin\u00ae Fluorescence-guided resection and repetitive PDT in glioblastoma multiforme: a single centre Phase III randomised controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2008;23:361\u20137. [PMID: 17926079 DOI: 10.1007\/s10103-007-0494-2]","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-007-0494-2"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lyons M, Phang I, Eljamel S. The effects of PDT in primary malignant brain tumours could be improved by intraoperative radiotherapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2012;9:40\u20135. [PMID: 22369727 DOI: 10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2011.12.001]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2011.12.001"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eljamel S, Petersen M, Valentine R, Buist R, Goodman C, Moseley H, et al. Comparison of intraoperative fluorescence and MRI image guided neuronavigation in malignant brain tumours, a prospective controlled study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2013;10:356\u201361. [PMID: 24284085 DOI: 10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2013.03.006]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2013.03.006"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muller PJ, Wilson BC. Photodynamic therapy for recurrent supratentorial gliomas. Semin Surg Oncol. 1995;11:346\u201354. [PMID: 7569556 DOI: 10.1002\/ssu.2980110504]","DOI":"10.1002\/ssu.2980110504"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bogaards A, Varma A, Zhang K, Zach D, Bisland SK, Moriyama EH, et al. Fluorescence image-guided brain tumour resection with adjuvant metronomic photodynamic therapy: pre-clinical model and technology development. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2005;4:438\u201342. [PMID: 15875077 DOI: 10.1039\/b414829k]","DOI":"10.1039\/b414829k"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akimoto J, Fukami S, Suda T, Ichikawa M, Haraoka R, Kohno M, et al. First autopsy analysis of the efficacy of intra-operative additional photodynamic therapy for patients with glioblastoma. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2019;36:144\u201351. [PMID: 31487014 DOI: 10.1007\/s10014-019-00351-0]","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-019-00351-0"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ, Tepper OM, Bastidas N, Kleinman ME, et al. Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat Med. 2004;10:858\u201364. [PMID: 15235597 DOI: 10.1038\/nm1075]","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1075"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Henderson BW, Busch TM, Snyder JW. Fluence rate as a modulator of PDT mechanisms. Lasers Surg Med. 2006;38:489\u201393. [PMID: 16615136 DOI: 10.1002\/lsm.20327]","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20327"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trachootham D, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Demizu Y, Chen Z, Pelicano H, et al. Selective killing of oncogenically transformed cells through a ROS-mediated mechanism by \u03b2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Cell. 2006;10:241\u201352. [PMID: 16959615 DOI: 10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.08.009]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.08.009"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bayer C, Vaupel P. Acute versus chronic hypoxia in tumors. Strahlenther Onkol. 2012;188:616\u201327. [PMID: 22454045 DOI: 10.1007\/s00066-012-0085-4]","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-012-0085-4"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Henderson BW, Gollnick SO, Snyder JW, Busch TM, Kousis PC, Cheney RT, et al. Choice of oxygen-conserving treatment regimen determines the inflammatory response and outcome of photodynamic therapy of tumors. Cancer Res. 2004;64:2120\u20136. [PMID: 15026352 DOI: 10.1158\/0008-5472.can-03-3513]","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-03-3513"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seta KA, Spicer Z, Yuan Y, Lu G, Millhorn DE. Responding to hypoxia: lessons from a model cell line. Sci STKE. 2002;2002:re11. [PMID: 12189251 DOI: 10.1126\/stke.2002.146.re11]","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.2002.146.re11"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Hypoxic control of metastasis. Science. 2016;352:175\u201380. [PMID: 27124451 PMCID: PMC4898055 DOI: 10.1126\/science.aaf4405]","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4405"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanamori M, Higa T, Sonoda Y, Murakami S, Dodo M, Kitamura H, et al. Activation of the NRF2 pathway and its impact on the prognosis of anaplastic glioma patients. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17:555\u201365. [PMID: 25304134 PMCID: PMC4483074 DOI: 10.1093\/neuonc\/nou282]","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou282"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Motohashi H, Yamamoto M. Nrf2-Keap1 defines a physiologically important stress response mechanism. Trends Mol Med. 2004;10:549\u201357. [PMID: 15519281 DOI: 10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.09.003]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.09.003"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmad F, Dixit D, Sharma V, Kumar A, Joshi SD, Sarkar C, et al. Nrf2-driven TERT regulates pentose phosphate pathway in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7:e2213. [PMID: 27148686 PMCID: PMC4917655 DOI: 10.1038\/cddis.2016.117]","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.117"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh A, Happel C, Manna SK, Acquaah-Mensah G, Carrerero J, Kumar S, et al. Transcription factor NRF2 regulates miR-1 and miR-206 to drive tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:2921\u201334. [PMID: 23921124 PMCID: PMC3696551 DOI: 10.1172\/JCI66353]","DOI":"10.1172\/jci66353"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rocha CR, Kajitani GS, Quinet A, Fortunato RS, Menck CF. NRF2 and glutathione are key resistance mediators to temozolomide in glioma and melanoma cells. Oncotarget. 2016;7:48081\u201392. [PMID: 27344172 PMCID: PMC5217002 DOI: 10.18632\/oncotarget.10129]","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10129"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dokic I, Hartmann C, Herold-Mende C, R\u00e9gnier-Vigouroux A. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity dictates the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to oxidative stress. Glia. 2012;60:1785\u2013800. [PMID: 22951908 DOI: 10.1002\/glia.22397]","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22397"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Du S, Du Y, Ren J, Ying G, Yan Z. Glutathione reductase mediates drug resistance in glioblastoma cells by regulating redox homeostasis. J Neurochem. 2018;144:93\u2013104. [PMID: 29105080 DOI: 10.1111\/jnc.14250]","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14250"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stylli SS, Kaye AH, MacGregor L, Howes M, Rajendra P. Photodynamic therapy of high grade glioma - long term survival. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12:389\u201398. [PMID: 15925768 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jocn.2005.01.006]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2005.01.006"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ding C, Zhu W, Li X, Chen T, Liu Q, et al. Chemotherapeutic drugs induce oxidative stress associated with DNA repair and metabolism modulation. Life Sci. 2022;289:120242. [PMID: 34922939 DOI: 10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120242]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120242"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Didamson OC, Chandran R, Abrahamse H. Aluminium phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy induces ATM-related DNA damage response and apoptosis in human oesophageal cancer cells. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1338802. [PMID: 38347844 PMCID: PMC10859414 DOI: 10.3389\/fonc.2024.1338802]","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1338802"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ansari AA, Parchur AK, Li Y, Jia T, Lv R, Wang Y, et al. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of chemically synthesized and functionalized upconversion nanoparticles. Coord Chem Rev. 2024;504:215672. [DOI: 10.1016\/J.CCR.2024.215672]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.215672"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fuchs J, Weber S, Kaufmann R. Genotoxic potential of porphyrin type photosensitizers with particular emphasis on 5-aminolevulinic acid: implications for clinical photodynamic therapy. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000;28:537\u201348. [PMID: 10719235 DOI: 10.1016\/s0891-5849(99)00255-5]","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(99)00255-5"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shukla RK, Badiye A, Vajpayee K, Kapoor N. Genotoxic Potential of Nanoparticles: Structural and Functional Modifications in DNA. Front Genet. 2021;12:728250. [PMID: 34659351 PMCID: PMC8511513 DOI: 10.3389\/fgene.2021.728250]","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.728250"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swart LE, Fens MHAM, van Oort A, Waranecki P, Mata Casimiro LD, Tuk D, et al. Increased Bone Marrow Uptake and Accumulation of Very-Late Antigen-4 Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:1603. [PMID: 37376052 PMCID: PMC10304323 DOI: 10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061603]","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061603"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danilatou V, Lydaki E, Dimitriou H, Papazoglou T, Kalmanti M. Bone marrow purging by photodynamic treatment in children with acute leukemia: cytoprotective action of amifostine. Leuk Res. 2000;24:427\u201335. [PMID: 10785265 DOI: 10.1016\/s0145-2126(99)00202-7]","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2126(99)00202-7"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen AK, Patel R, Noble JM, Zheng J, Narayan RJ, Kumar G, et al. Effects of subcytotoxic exposure of silver nanoparticles on osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells. Appl Vitr Toxicol. 2019;5:123\u201333. [DOI: 10.1089\/AIVT.2019.0001]","DOI":"10.1089\/aivt.2019.0001"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mbeh DA, Akhavan O, Javanbakht T, Mahmoudi M, Yahia L. Cytotoxicity of protein corona-graphene oxide nanoribbons on human epithelial cells. Appl Surf Sci. 2014;320:596\u2013601. [DOI: 10.1016\/J.APSUSC.2014.09.155]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.09.155"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hashemi E, Akhavan O, Shamsara M, Rahighi R, Esfandiar A, Tayefeh AR. Cyto and genotoxicities of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide sheets on spermatozoa. RSC Adv. 2014;4:27213\u201323. [DOI: 10.1039\/C4RA01047G]","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ra01047g"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coccini T, Pignatti P, Spinillo A, De Simone U. Developmental Neurotoxicity Screening for Nanoparticles Using Neuron-Like Cells of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Example with Magnetite Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020;10:1607. [PMID: 32824247 PMCID: PMC7466682 DOI: 10.3390\/nano10081607]","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081607"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lisek K, Campaner E, Ciani Y, Walerych D, Del Sal G. Mutant p53 tunes the NRF2-dependent antioxidant response to support survival of cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2018;9:20508\u201323. [PMID: 29755668 PMCID: PMC5945496 DOI: 10.18632\/oncotarget.24974]","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24974"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo S, Lei K, Xiang D, Ye K. NQO1 Is Regulated by PTEN in Glioblastoma, Mediating Cell Proliferation and Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:9146528. [PMID: 30595797 PMCID: PMC6286748 DOI: 10.1155\/2018\/9146528]","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9146528"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pellosi DS, Paula LB, de Melo MT, Tedesco AC. Targeted and Synergic Glioblastoma Treatment: Multifunctional Nanoparticles Delivering Verteporfin as Adjuvant Therapy for Temozolomide Chemotherapy. Mol Pharm. 2019;16:1009\u201324. [PMID: 30698450 DOI: 10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01001]","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01001.s001"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang JH, Ko YT. Dual-selective photodynamic therapy with a mitochondria-targeted photosensitizer and fiber optic cannula for malignant brain tumors. Biomater Sci. 2019;7:2812\u201325. [PMID: 31066391 DOI: 10.1039\/c9bm00403c]","DOI":"10.1039\/c9bm00403c"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allison RR, Downie GH, Cuenca R, Hu XH, Childs CJ, Sibata CH. Photosensitizers in clinical PDT. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2004;1:27\u201342. [PMID: 25048062 DOI: 10.1016\/S1572-1000(04)00007-9]","DOI":"10.1016\/s1572-1000(04)00007-9"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mafukidze DM, Sindelo A, Nyokong T. Spectroscopic characterization and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy of phthalocyanine-silver triangular nanoprism conjugates when supported on asymmetric polymer membranes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2019;219:333\u201345. [PMID: 31055240 DOI: 10.1016\/j.saa.2019.04.054]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.04.054"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sekkat N, van den Bergh H, Nyokong T, Lange N. Like a bolt from the blue: phthalocyanines in biomedical optics. Molecules. 2011;17:98\u2013144. [PMID: 22198535 PMCID: PMC6269082 DOI: 10.3390\/molecules17010098]","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17010098"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Paula LB, Primo FL, Pinto MR, Morais PC, Tedesco AC. Evaluation of a chloroaluminium phthalocyanine-loaded magnetic nanoemulsion as a drug delivery device to treat glioblastoma using hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy. RSC Adv. 2017;7:9115\u201322. [DOI: 10.1039\/C6RA26105A]","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ra26105a"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Primo FL, Rodrigues MM, Simioni AR, Lacava ZG, Morais PC, Tedesco AC. Photosensitizer-loaded magnetic nanoemulsion for use in synergic photodynamic and magnetohyperthermia therapies of neoplastic cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2008;8:5873\u20137. [PMID: 19198320]","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2008.476"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bolfarini GC, Siqueira-Moura MP, Demets GJ, Morais PC, Tedesco AC. In vitro evaluation of combined hyperthermia and photodynamic effects using magnetoliposomes loaded with cucurbituril zinc phthalocyanine complex on melanoma. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2012;115:1\u20134. [PMID: 22854225 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.05.009]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.05.009"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yi G, Gu B, Chen LK. The safety and efficacy of magnetic nano-iron hyperthermia therapy on rat brain glioma. Tumour Biol. 2014;35:2445\u20139. [PMID: 24163108 DOI: 10.1007\/s13277-013-1324-8]","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-1324-8"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teng CW, Amirshaghaghi A, Cho SS, Cai SS, De Ravin E, Singh Y, et al. Combined fluorescence-guided surgery and photodynamic therapy for glioblastoma multiforme using cyanine and chlorin nanocluster. J Neurooncol. 2020;149:243\u201352. [PMID: 32914293 PMCID: PMC7720701 DOI: 10.1007\/s11060-020-03618-1]","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa447_808"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joniov\u00e1 J, Kazemiraad C, Gerelli E, Wagni\u00e8res G. Stimulation and homogenization of the protoporphyrin IX endogenous production by photobiomodulation to increase the potency of photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2021;225:112347. [PMID: 34736068 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112347]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112347"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Golla C, Bilal M, Dwucet A, Bader N, Anthonymuthu J, Heiland T, et al. Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Bcl-2\/Bcl-xL Inhibition Increases the Noxa\/Mcl-1 Ratio Independent of Usp9X and Synergistically Enhances Apoptosis in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:4123. [PMID: 34439278 PMCID: PMC8393699 DOI: 10.3390\/cancers13164123]","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13164123"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma S, Wang F, Dong J, Wang N, Tao S, Du J, et al. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 by acriflavine renders glioblastoma sensitive for photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2022;234:112537. [PMID: 35939916 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112537]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112537"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang C, Wu J, Liu W, Zheng X, Zhang W, Lee CS, et al. Hypocrellin-Based Multifunctional Phototheranostic Agent for NIR-Triggered Targeted Chemo\/Photodynamic\/Photothermal Synergistic Therapy against Glioblastoma. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2020;3:3817\u201326. [PMID: 35025252 DOI: 10.1021\/acsabm.0c00386]","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00386.s001"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang X, Guo M, Shen L, Hu S. Combination of photodynamic therapy and temozolomide on glioma in a rat C6 glioma model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2014;11:603\u201312. [PMID: 25449156 DOI: 10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.10.007]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.10.007"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shinoda Y, Kujirai K, Aoki K, Morita M, Masuda M, Zhang L, et al. Novel Photosensitizer \u03b2-Mannose-Conjugated Chlorin e6 as a Potent Anticancer Agent for Human Glioblastoma U251 Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13:316. [PMID: 33081106 PMCID: PMC7602738 DOI: 10.3390\/ph13100316]","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13100316"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsai YC, Vijayaraghavan P, Chiang WH, Chen HH, Liu TI, Shen MY, et al. Targeted Delivery of Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles for Externally Triggered Photothermal\/Photodynamic Therapies of Brain Glioblastoma. Theranostics. 2018;8:1435\u201348. [PMID: 29507632 PMCID: PMC5835948 DOI: 10.7150\/thno.22482]","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.22482"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim HS, Seo M, Park TE, Lee DY. A novel therapeutic strategy of multimodal nanoconjugates for state-of-the-art brain tumor phototherapy. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022;20:14. [PMID: 34983539 PMCID: PMC8725459 DOI: 10.1186\/s12951-021-01220-9]","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01220-9"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodriguez B, Rivera D, Zhang JY, Brown C, Young T, Williams T, et al. Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy for High-Grade Glioma: A State-of-the-Art Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17:300. [PMID: 38543086 PMCID: PMC10976112 DOI: 10.3390\/ph17030300]","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030300"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skandalakis GP, Rivera DR, Rizea CD, Bouras A, Jesu Raj JG, Bozec D, et al. Hyperthermia treatment advances for brain tumors. Int J Hyperthermia. 2020;37:3\u201319. [PMID: 32672123 PMCID: PMC7756245 DOI: 10.1080\/02656736.2020.1772512]","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2020.1772512"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibarra LE, Yslas EI, Molina MA, Rivarola CR, Romanini S, Barbero CA, et al. Near-infrared mediated tumor destruction by photothermal effect of PANI-Np in vivo. Laser Phys. 2013;23:066004. [DOI: 10.1088\/1054-660X\/23\/6\/066004]","DOI":"10.1088\/1054-660x\/23\/6\/066004"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beola L, Iturrioz-Rodr\u00edguez N, Pucci C, Bertorelli R, Ciofani G. Drug-Loaded Lipid Magnetic Nanoparticles for Combined Local Hyperthermia and Chemotherapy against Glioblastoma Multiforme. ACS Nano. 2023;17:18441\u201355. [PMID: 37698887 PMCID: PMC10540267 DOI: 10.1021\/acsnano.3c06085]","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c06085"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shirvalilou S, Khoei S, Esfahani AJ, Kamali M, Shirvaliloo M, Sheervalilou R, et al. Magnetic Hyperthermia as an adjuvant cancer therapy in combination with radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for recurrent\/progressive glioblastoma: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2021;152:419\u201328. [PMID: 33713248 DOI: 10.1007\/s11060-021-03729-3]","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-021-03729-3"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lv Z, Cao Y, Xue D, Zhang H, Zhou S, Yin N, et al. A multiphoton transition activated iron based metal organic framework for synergistic therapy of photodynamic therapy\/chemodynamic therapy\/chemotherapy for orthotopic gliomas. J Mater Chem B. 2023;11:1100\u20137. [PMID: 36629834 DOI: 10.1039\/d2tb02273g]","DOI":"10.1039\/d2tb02273g"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du L, Wang P, Huang H, Li M, Roy S, Zhang Y, et al. Light-activatable and hyperthermia-sensitive \u201call-in-one\u201d theranostics: NIR-II fluorescence imaging and chemo-photothermal therapy of subcutaneous glioblastoma by temperature-sensitive liposome-containing AIEgens and paclitaxel. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11:1343694. [PMID: 38213575 PMCID: PMC10782224 DOI: 10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1343694]","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1343694"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang X, Wu J, He M, Hou X, Wang Y, Cai X, et al. Combined Cancer Chemo-Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy Based on ICG\/PDA\/TPZ-Loaded Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm. 2019;16:2172\u201383. [PMID: 30978027 DOI: 10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00119]","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00119.s001"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MMart\u00ednez SR, Odella E, Ibarra LE, Sosa Lochedino A, Wendel AB, Durantini AM, et al. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles as sonosensitizers in sono-inactivation of a broad spectrum of pathogens. Ultrasonics. 2024;137:107180. [PMID: 37847942 DOI: 10.1016\/j.ultras.2023.107180]","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4527307"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang Y, Ouyang W, Lai Z, Qiu G, Bu Z, Zhu X, et al. Nanotechnology-enabled sonodynamic therapy against malignant tumors. Nanoscale Adv. 2024;6:1974\u201391. [PMID: 38633037 PMCID: PMC11019498 DOI: 10.1039\/d3na00738c]","DOI":"10.1039\/d3na00738c"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shan T, Wang W, Fan M, Bi J, He T, Sun Y, et al. Effective glioblastoma immune sonodynamic treatment mediated by macrophage cell membrane cloaked biomimetic nanomedicines. J Control Release. 2024;370:866\u201378. [PMID: 38685386 DOI: 10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.04.043]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.04.043"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu H, Gao X, Luo Y, Yu J, Long G, Jiang Z, et al. Targeted Delivery of Chemo-Sonodynamic Therapy via Brain Targeting, Glutathione-Consumable Polymeric Nanoparticles for Effective Brain Cancer Treatment. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9:e2203894. [PMID: 35971187 PMCID: PMC9534955 DOI: 10.1002\/advs.202203894]","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203894"}],"container-title":["Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.explorationpub.com\/Journals\/etat\/Article\/1002303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T05:18:52Z","timestamp":1743139132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.explorationpub.com\/Journals\/etat\/Article\/1002303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":194,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/etat.2025.1002303","archive":["Portico","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-3114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-3114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-3-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-3-28","order":2,"name":"published_online","label":"Published Online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1002303"}}