{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1791807333443,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"Open Exploration Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Explor Target Antitumor Ther"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Immunotherapy has gathered significant attention and is now a widely used cancer treatment that uses the body\u2019s immune system to fight cancer. Despite initial successes, its broader clinical application is hindered by limitations such as heterogeneity in patient response and challenges associated with the tumor immune microenvironment. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have offered innovative solutions to these barriers, providing significant enhancements to cancer immunotherapy. Nanotechnology-based approaches exhibit multifaceted mechanisms, including effective anti-tumor immune responses during tumorigenesis and overcoming immune suppression mechanisms to improve immune defense capacity. Nanomedicines, including nanoparticle-based vaccines, liposomes, immune modulators, and gene delivery systems, have demonstrated the ability to activate immune responses, modulate tumor microenvironments, and target specific immune cells. Success metrics in preclinical and early clinical studies, such as improved survival rates, enhanced tumor regression, and elevated immune activation indices, highlight the promise of these technologies. Despite these achievements, several challenges remain, including scaling up manufacturing, addressing off-target effects, and navigating regulatory complexities. The review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary approaches to address these barriers, ensuring broader clinical adoption. It also provides insights into interdisciplinary approaches, advancements, and the transformative potential of nano-immunotherapy and promising results in checkpoint inhibitor delivery, nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy, immunomodulation as well as inhibition by nanoparticles and cancer vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2025.1002308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T22:16:01Z","timestamp":1744323361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/open_exploration_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nanoimmunotherapy: the smart trooper for cancer therapy"],"prefix":"10.37349","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5127-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suphiya","family":"Parveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be-University), Bengaluru 560027, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4007-8126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhanshree Vikrant","family":"Konde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be-University), Bengaluru 560027, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9471-9300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safal Kumar","family":"Paikray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni 752050, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6724-7426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigam Sekhar","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni 752050, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5219-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liza","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni 752050, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0803-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himansu Bhusan","family":"Samal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni 752050, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahima","family":"Dilnawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni 752050, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"21850","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136923","article-title":"The Influence of Cell Cycle Regulation on Chemotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh R, Malhotra A, Bansal R. 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