{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:59:46Z","timestamp":1785304786496,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Open Exploration Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Explor Target Antitumor Ther"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Aim: Despite advances with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens in the past decade, patients with metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) face a poor prognosis with few approved options. Platinum-based chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin (TC) +\/\u2013 ICI may be a feasible choice. Methods: We generated an IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective database of patients at Mayo Clinic Cancer Center with mUC who started TC +\/\u2013 ICI after disease progression on ICI from January 2018 through December 2024. Baseline demographics, clinicopathologic features, and treatment outcomes were extracted from the electronic health record. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate median duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: There were 32 patients who fit inclusion criteria, including 31 patients who had disease progression on ICI in the metastatic setting and 1 patient who developed metastatic disease on adjuvant nivolumab. Patients received a median of 4 cycles (range 1\u201314) of TC over median 12 weeks (range 3\u201353). Overall, 81% of patients received TC concurrently with an ICI, and 28% continued maintenance ICI after TC discontinuation (at the treating oncologist\u2019s discretion due to adequate response or toxicity). The best objective response rate was 41% and disease control rate was 75%, with median DOR of 4.8 months (IQR 2.7\u201310.4), median PFS of 4.6 months (IQR 3.3\u201310.2), and median OS of 9.4 months (IQR 6.3\u201315.9). Some patients in this series had very durable responses with PFS &gt; 12 months and OS &gt; 24 months. TC +\/\u2013 ICI was overall well tolerated with expected type and severity of adverse events. Conclusions: Strategies to overcome ICI resistance are needed, and TC +\/\u2013 ICI after disease progression on an ICI shows promising tolerability and efficacy in this setting for patients with mUC. Our series was notable for some patients having a durable response. Validation in larger cohorts is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2026.1002387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:10:58Z","timestamp":1785301858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/open_exploration_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paclitaxel and carboplatin after disease progression on immune checkpoint inhibitor for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.37349","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7268-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Spychalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI 54703, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1381-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth I.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0319-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob J.","family":"Orme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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