{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:17:10Z","timestamp":1777889830136,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perit Dial Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution contains high concentrations of glucose and glucose degradation products (GDPs). One of several GDPs\u20143,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE)\u2014was recently identified as the most reactive and toxic GDP in PD fluids. In vitro, 3,4-DGE has been shown to induce mesothelial cell damage; however, its role in peritoneal fibrosis in vivo remains unclear. In the present study, we intraperitoneally administered chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) for mild peritoneal injury, and we then injected 3,4-DGE [38\u03bcmol\/L (low concentration) or 145\u03bcmol\/L (high concentration)] 5 times weekly for 4 weeks. Significant thickening of the parietal peritoneal membrane was observed only when treatment with low or high concentrations of 3,4-DGE occurred after CG administration, but not when either CG or 3,4-DGE alone was given. The combination of CG and 3,4-DGE also caused upregulation of messenger RNA expression of transforming growth factor \u03b21, connective tissue growth factor, fibronectin, collagen type 1 \u03b11 chain, alpha smooth muscle actin (\u03b1\u2013SMA), vascular endothelial growth factor 164, NADPH oxidase 1 and 4, p22phox, p47phox, and gp91phox in peritoneal tissue. Treatment with CG alone was sufficient to cause significant F4\/80-positive macrophage infiltration, appearance of \u03b1\u2013SMA-positive cells, and vessel formation in the submesothelial layer. Addition of 3,4-DGE markedly enhanced those changes and induced apoptosis, mainly in leukocytes. The concentration of 3,4-DGE in the abdominal cavity declined more rapidly in CG-treated mice than in PBS-treated mice. Peritoneal membrane permeability determined by peritoneal equilibration test showed high transport conditions in peritoneum treated with both CG and 3,4-DGE. These results indicate that, when mild peritoneal damage is already present, 3,4-DGE causes peritoneal thickening and fibrosis, resulting in deterioration of peritoneal membrane function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2011.00033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]],"date-time":"2012-11-02T02:32:46Z","timestamp":1351823566000},"page":"143-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Peritoneal Fibrosis and High Transport are Induced in Mildly Pre-Injured Peritoneum by 3,4-Dideoxyglucosone-3-Ene in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Hideki","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Kasahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashige","family":"Kuwabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naohiro","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, JMS Co. 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