{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:42:48Z","timestamp":1787244168021,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perit Dial Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preventing peritoneal damage during peritoneal dialysis is critical. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an important role in peritoneal damage; however, few studies have investigated this. We aimed to determine the effects of oral astaxanthin (AST) supplementation in a peritoneal fibrosis (PF) rat model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-seven Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: Control 1 (fed a normal diet without stimulation), Control 2 (fed an AST-supplemented diet without stimulation), Group 1 (fed a normal diet with 8% chlorhexidine gluconate [CG] stimulation for 3 weeks), Group 2 (fed a 0.06% AST-supplemented diet with CG stimulation), and Group 3 (fed a 0.06% AST-supplemented diet that was initiated 4 weeks before CG stimulation). Peritoneal fibrosis, vascular proliferation, and fibrosis-related factor expression were examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peritoneal thickness was significantly suppressed by AST supplementation. Astaxanthin diminished the number of CD68-, 8-hydroxy-2'\u2013deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)-positive cells. Type 3 collagen, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and MCP-1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1. Increased transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) and Snail mRNA expression, vascular density, and the number of \u03b1\u2013smooth muscle actin (\u03b1\u2013SMA)-positive cells were also decreased in Group 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Astaxanthin suppressed PF development through the inhibition of inflammation and oxidation in PF rats. It appears that the anti-oxidative agent AST may be useful for the prevention of peritoneal damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2013.00317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,8]],"date-time":"2014-10-08T00:28:11Z","timestamp":1412728091000},"page":"506-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Oral Astaxanthin Supplementation Prevents Peritoneal Fibrosis in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Wakabayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieko","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reo","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanori","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Io","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Horikoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Tomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-pdi.2013.00317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080502504S12"},{"key":"bibr2-pdi.2013.00317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880703001207"},{"key":"bibr3-pdi.2013.00317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001506"},{"key":"bibr4-pdi.2013.00317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2007.22.6.943"},{"key":"bibr5-pdi.2013.00317","first-page":"355","volume":"16","author":"Kidd P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Altern Med 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