{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:10:41Z","timestamp":1782400241991,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"26","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.3201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,14]],"date-time":"2009-07-14T07:40:01Z","timestamp":1247557201000},"page":"3201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders"],"prefix":"10.3748","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Moonkyung Cho","family":"Schubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subbaramiah","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R","family":"Schade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D","family":"Wexner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A. The prevalence of hemorrhoids and chronic constipation. An epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology 1990;98:380-386."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleday R, Pena JP, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM, Buls JG. Symptomatic hemorrhoids: current incidence and complications of operative therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:477-481.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049406"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson WH. The nature of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 1975;62:542-552.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800620710"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Milsom JW. Hemorrhoidal disease. Fundamentals of Anorectal Surgery New York: McGraw-Hill Inc; 1992;192-214."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haas PA, Fox TA Jr, Haas GP. The pathogenesis of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1984;27:442-450.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555533"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hancock BD. Internal sphincter and the nature of haemorrhoids. Gut 1977;18:651-655.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.8.651"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardinha TC, Corman ML. Hemorrhoids. Surg Clin North Am 2002;82:1153-1167, vi.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(02)00082-8"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Corman ML. Colon and rectal Surgery. 2nd ed Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1989;49-105."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moesgaard F, Nielsen ML, Hansen JB, Knudsen JT. High-fiber diet reduces bleeding and pain in patients with hemorrhoids: a double-blind trial of Vi-Siblin. Dis Colon Rectum 1982;25:454-456.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553653"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodi G, Bogoni F, Infantino A, Pianon P, Mortellaro LM, Lise M. Hot or cold in anal pain? A study of the changes in internal anal sphincter pressure profiles. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:248-251.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553028"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacRae HM, McLeod RS. Comparison of hemorrhoidal treatment modalities. A meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:687-694.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02048023"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Templeton JL, Spence RA, Kennedy TL, Parks TG, Mackenzie G, Hanna WA. Comparison of infrared coagulation and rubber band ligation for first and second degree haemorrhoids: a randomised prospective clinical trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983;286:1387-1389.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6375.1387"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker AJ, Leicester RJ, Nicholls RJ, Mann CV. A prospective study of infrared coagulation, injection and rubber band ligation in the treatment of haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 1990;5:113-116.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298482"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Johanson JF, Rimm A. Optimal nonsurgical treatment of hemorrhoids: a comparative analysis of infrared coagulation, rubber band ligation, and injection sclerotherapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:1600-1606."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau WY, Chow HP, Poon GP, Wong SH. Rubber band ligation of three primary hemorrhoids in a single session. A safe and effective procedure. Dis Colon Rectum 1982;25:336-339.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553609"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Hara VS. Fatal clostridial infection following hemorrhoidal banding. Dis Colon Rectum 1980;23:570-571.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02988999"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell TR, Donohue JH. Hemorrhoidal banding. A warning. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:291-293.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02560424"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok SY, Chung CC, Tsui KK, Li MK. A double-blind, randomized trial comparing Ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:344-348.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0845-z"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung CC, Ha JP, Tai YP, Tsang WW, Li MK. Double-blind, randomized trial comparing Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy, bipolar scissors hemorrhoidectomy, and scissors excision: ligation technique. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:789-794.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6299-5"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong DN, Ambroze WL, Schertzer ME, Orangio GR. Harmonic Scalpel vs. electrocautery hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective evaluation. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:558-564.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234329"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan S, Pawlak SE, Eggenberger JC, Lee CS, Szilagy EJ, Wu JS, Margolin M D DA. Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids: prospective, randomized trial comparing closed excisional hemorrhoidectomy and the Harmonic Scalpel technique of excisional hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:845-849.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234706"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowsell M, Bello M, Hemingway DM. Circumferential mucosectomy (stapled haemorrhoidectomy) versus conventional haemorrhoidectomy: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:779-7814.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06122-X"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho YH, Cheong WK, Tsang C, Ho J, Eu KW, Tang CL, Seow-Choen F. Stapled hemorrhoidectomy--cost and effectiveness. Randomized, controlled trial including incontinence scoring, anorectal manometry, and endoanal ultrasound assessments at up to three months. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1666-1675.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236847"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheetham MJ, Mortensen NJ, Nystrom PO, Kamm MA, Phillips RK. Persistent pain and faecal urgency after stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Lancet 2000;356:730-733.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02632-5"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hananel N, Gordon PH. Re-examination of clinical manifestations and response to therapy of fissure-in-ano. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:229-233.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054993"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Fleshner P. Anal fissure in Crohn's disease. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 1997;8:36-39."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Saler ME, Gottesman L. Anal and rectal ulcer. Anorectal Disease in AIDS London: Edward Arnold; 1991;103-129."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith LE. Anal fissures. Neth J Med 1990;37 Suppl 1:S33-S36.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2028962"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbons CP, Read NW. Anal hypertonia in fissures: cause or effect? Br J Surg 1986;73:443-445.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800730609"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin JK. Anal manometric studies in hemorrhoids and anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:839-842.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554551"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen SL. Treatment of first episodes of acute anal fissure: prospective randomised study of lignocaine ointment versus hydrocortisone ointment or warm sitz baths plus bran. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292:1167-1169.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6529.1167"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tejirian T, Abbas MA. Sitz bath: where is the evidence? Scientific basis of a common practice. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:2336-2340.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0085-x"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang JK, Chiu JH, Lin JK. Local thermal stimulation relaxes hypertonic anal sphincter: evidence of somatoanal reflex. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:1152-1159.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238567"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodi G, Bogoni F, Infantino A, Pianon P, Mortellaro LM, Lise M. Hot or cold in anal pain? A study of the changes in internal anal sphincter pressure profiles. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:248-251.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553028"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, McDonald PJ, Chadwick SJ, Melville D, Phillips RK. Randomised controlled trial shows that glyceryl trinitrate heals anal fissures, higher doses are not more effective, and there is a high recurrence rate. Gut 1999;44:727-730.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.5.727"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loder PB, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, Phillips RK. 'Reversible chemical sphincterotomy' by local application of glyceryl trinitrate. Br J Surg 1994;81:1386-1389.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810949"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lund JN, Scholefield JH. A randomised, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate ointment in treatment of anal fissure. Lancet 1997;349:11-14.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06090-4"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrivastava UK, Jain BK, Kumar P, Saifee Y. A comparison of the effects of diltiazem and glyceryl trinitrate ointment in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Today 2007;37:482-485.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-006-3431-2"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight JS, Birks M, Farouk R. Topical diltiazem ointment in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Br J Surg 2001;88:553-556.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2001.01736.x"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocher HM, Steward M, Leather AJ, Cullen PT. Randomized clinical trial assessing the side-effects of glyceryl trinitrate and diltiazem hydrochloride in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Br J Surg 2002;89:413-417.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1323.2001.02042.x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jost WH, Schimrigk K. Botulinum toxin in therapy of anal fissure. Lancet 1995;345:188-189.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90190-6"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhardwaj R, Parker MC. Modern perspectives in the treatment of chronic anal fissures. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007;89:472-478.","DOI":"10.1308\/003588407X202137"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorfine SR. Topical nitroglycerin therapy for anal fissures and ulcers. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1156-1157.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510263331718"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsey I, Jones OM, Cunningham C, George BD, Mortensen NJ. Botulinum toxin as second-line therapy for chronic anal fissure failing 0.2 percent glyceryl trinitrate. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:361-366.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6556-7"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria G, Cassetta E, Gui D, Brisinda G, Bentivoglio AR, Albanese A. A comparison of botulinum toxin and saline for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. N Engl J Med 1998;338:217-220.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801223380402"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gui D, Cassetta E, Anastasio G, Bentivoglio AR, Maria G, Albanese A. Botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure. Lancet 1994;344:1127-1128.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90633-5"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brisinda G, Cadeddu F, Brandara F, Marniga G, Maria G. Randomized clinical trial comparing botulinum toxin injections with 0.2 per cent nitroglycerin ointment for chronic anal fissure. Br J Surg 2007;94:162-167.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5514"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria G, Brisinda G, Bentivoglio AR, Cassetta E, Gui D, Albanese A. Influence of botulinum toxin site of injections on healing rate in patients with chronic anal fissure. Am J Surg 2000;179:46-50.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(99)00255-X"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jost WH. One hundred cases of anal fissure treated with botulin toxin: early and long-term results. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:1029-1032.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050924"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Milito G, Arcan&agrave; F, Spinelli F, Nardelli N, Scardigno D, Pulvirenti-D'Urso A, Bottini C, Pescatori M. Glyceryl trinitrate for chronic anal fissure--healing or headache? Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controled, double-blind trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:174-179; discussion 179-181.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236977"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorfman G, Levitt M, Platell C. Treatment of chronic anal fissure with topical glyceryl trinitrate. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:1007-1010.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236692"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson R. A systematic review of medical therapy for anal fissure. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:422-431.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-003-0079-5"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Romano G, Rotondano G, Santangelo M, Esercizio L. A critical appraisal of pathogenesis and morbidity of surgical treatment of chronic anal fissure. J Am Coll Surg 1994;178:600-604."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khubchandani IT, Reed JF. Sequelae of internal sphincterotomy for chronic fissure in ano. Br J Surg 1989;76:431-434.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800760504"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker WA, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Morbidity of internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure and stenosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:832-835.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555487"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hananel N, Gordon PH. Lateral internal sphincterotomy for fissure-in-ano--revisited. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:597-602.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02055386"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyam DC, Pemberton JH. Long-term results of lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure with particular reference to incidence of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:1306-1310.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234220"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard CS, Gregoire R, Plewes EA, Silverman R, Burul C, Buie D, Reznick R, Ross T, Burnstein M, O'Connor BI. Internal sphincterotomy is superior to topical nitroglycerin in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: results of a randomized, controlled trial by the Canadian Colorectal Surgical Trials Group. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1048-1057; discussion 1057-1058.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236548"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown CJ, Dubreuil D, Santoro L, Liu M, O'Connor BI, McLeod RS. Lateral internal sphincterotomy is superior to topical nitroglycerin for healing chronic anal fissure and does not compromise long-term fecal continence: six-year follow-up of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:442-448.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0844-3"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parks AG, Gordon PH, Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula-in-ano. Br J Surg 1976;63:1-12.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800630102"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman L, Israel GM, McCarthy SM, Weinreb JC, Longo WE. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in anorectal disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:3153-3158.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i23.3153"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halligan S, Stoker J. Imaging of fistula in ano. Radiology 2006;239:18-33.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2391041043"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchanan GN, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Williams AB, Tarroni D, Cohen CR. Clinical examination, endosonography, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of fistula in ano: comparison with outcome-based reference standard. Radiology 2004;233:674-681.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2333031724"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beets-Tan RG, Beets GL, van der Hoop AG, Kessels AG, Vliegen RF, Baeten CG, van Engelshoven JM. Preoperative MR imaging of anal fistulas: Does it really help the surgeon? Radiology 2001;218:75-84.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.218.1.r01dc0575"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc&iacute;a-Aguilar J, Belmonte C, Wong DW, Goldberg SM, Madoff RD. Cutting seton versus two-stage seton fistulotomy in the surgical management of high anal fistula. Br J Surg 1998;85:243-245.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.02877.x"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCourtney JS, Finlay IG. Setons in the surgical management of fistula in ano. Br J Surg 1995;82:448-452.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820406"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatansev C, Alabaz O, Tekin A, Aksoy F, Yilmaz H, K&uuml;c&uuml;kkartallar T, Akcam T, Pamukcu A. A new seton type for the treatment of anal fistula. Dig Dis Sci 2007;52:1920-1923.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9793-5"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams JG, MacLeod CA, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Seton treatment of high anal fistulae. Br J Surg 1991;78:1159-1161.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800781004"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isbister WH, Al Sanea N. The cutting seton: an experience at King Faisal Specialist Hospital. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:722-727.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234574"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White RA, Eisenstat TE, Rubin RJ, Salvati EP. Seton management of complex anorectal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:587-589.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02052212"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arderne J. Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. Treatises of fistula in ano, haemorrhoids, and clysters. John Arderne, 1307-1380(?). Dis Colon Rectum 1983;26:134-138.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562596"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazio VW. Complex anal fistulae. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1987;16:93-114.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00483-0"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"Gordon PH. Management of anorectal abscess and fistulous disease. Colon, Rectal and Anal Surgery St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1985;91-107."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loungnarath R, Dietz DW, Mutch MG, Birnbaum EH, Kodner IJ, Fleshman JW. Fibrin glue treatment of complex anal fistulas has low success rate. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:432-436.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-003-0076-8"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang TL, Chen MF. Randomized trial of fibrin tissue glue for low output enterocutaneous fistula. Br J Surg 1996;83:112.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800830135"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cellier C, Landi B, Faye A, Wind P, Frileux P, Cugnenc PH, Barbier JP. Upper gastrointestinal tract fistulae: endoscopic obliteration with fibrin sealant. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:731-733.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(96)70062-7"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zmora O, Mizrahi N, Rotholtz N, Pikarsky AJ, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Fibrin glue sealing in the treatment of perineal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:584-589.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6612-3"},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"Witte ME, Klaase JM, Gerritsen JJ, Kummer EW. Fibrin glue treatment for simple and complex anal fistulas. Hepatogastroenterology 2007;54:1071-1073."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barillari P, Basso L, Larcinese A, Gozzo P, Indinnimeo M. Cyanoacrylate glue in the treatment of ano-rectal fistulas. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006;21:791-794.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-006-0090-0"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Champagne BJ, O'Connor LM, Ferguson M, Orangio GR, Schertzer ME, Armstrong DN. Efficacy of anal fistula plug in closure of cryptoglandular fistulas: long-term follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:1817-1821.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0755-3"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Koperen PJ, D'Hoore A, Wolthuis AM, Bemelman WA, Slors JF. Anal fistula plug for closure of difficult anorectal fistula: a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:2168-2172.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-0298-2"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, Hanauer SB, Mayer L, van Hogezand RA, Podolsky DK, Sands BE, Braakman T, DeWoody KL. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1398-1405.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905063401804"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan ES, Garnjobst WM. Symposium on colon and anorectal surgery. Pruritus ani: a practical approach. Surg Clin North Am 1978;58:505-512.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)41533-1"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel GL, Longo WE, Vernava AM 3rd. Pruritus ani. Causes and concerns. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:670-674.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054410"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan A, Ambrose NS, Silverman S, Keighley MR. Physiological study of pruritus ani. Br J Surg 1987;74:576-579.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800740710"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farouk R, Duthie GS, Pryde A, Bartolo DC. Abnormal transient internal sphincter relaxation in idiopathic pruritus ani: physiological evidence from ambulatory monitoring. Br J Surg 1994;81:603-606.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810442"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Bowyer A, McColl I. A study of 200 patients with pruritus ani. Proc R Soc Med 1970;63 Suppl:96-98."},{"key":"ref88","unstructured":"Hicks TC, Stamos MJ. Pruritus Ani: diagnosis and Treatment. Fundamentals of Anorectal Surgery. 2nd edition Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998;198-208."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanno R, Murphy P. Pruritus ani. Classification and management. Dermatol Clin 1987;5:811-816.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30725-3"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuccati G, Lotti T, Mastrolorenzo A, Rapaccini A, Tiradritti L. Pruritus ani. Dermatol Ther 2005;18:355-362.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2005.00031.x"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasan S, Neill SM, Donaldson DR, Scott HJ. Treatment of persistent pruritus ani in a combined colorectal and dermatological clinic. Br J Surg 1999;86:1337-1340.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1999.01231.x"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozta\u015f MO, Ozta\u015f P, Onder M. Idiopathic perianal pruritus: washing compared with topical corticosteroids. Postgrad Med J 2004;80:295-297.","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.013045"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farouk R, Lee PW. Intradermal methylene blue injection for the treatment of intractable idiopathic pruritus ani. Br J Surg 1997;84:670.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800840524"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detrano SJ. Cryotherapy for chronic nonspecific pruritus ani. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1984;10:483-484.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1984.tb01242.x"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tunuguntla A, Sullivan MJ. A new concept for the treatment of intractable pruritus ani. South Med J 2004;97:710.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200407000-00022"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mentes BB, Akin M, Leventoglu S, Gultekin FA, Oguz M. Intradermal methylene blue injection for the treatment of intractable idiopathic pruritus ani: results of 30 cases. Tech Coloproctol 2004;8:11-14.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-004-0043-y"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v15\/i26\/3201.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T23:49:05Z","timestamp":1739231345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v15\/i26\/3201.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.15.3201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1007-9327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1007-9327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}}}