{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:11:12Z","timestamp":1794006672663,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"40","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,27]],"date-time":"2014-10-27T23:46:24Z","timestamp":1414453584000},"page":"14686","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Gastrointestinal dysfunction in liver cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.3748","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Kalaitzakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Pozzi M, Carugo S, Boari G, Pecci V, de Ceglia S, Maggiolini S, Bolla GB, Roffi L, Failla M, Grassi G. Evidence of functional and structural cardiac abnormalities in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Hepatology 1997;26:1131-1137."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Liu H, Song D, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2002;26:842-847."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16107-2"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40952.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02357.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1996.tb00284.x"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900205"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200211000-00007"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Viggiano TR, Gostout CJ. Portal hypertensive intestinal vasculopathy: a review of the clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic features. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:944-954."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)83001-8"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250327"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(01)00626-8"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)01071-7"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.08.028"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318293a825"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23495"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.777468"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290531"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150507"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M&uuml;ller MJ, B&ouml;ttcher J, Selberg O, Weselmann S, B&ouml;ker KH, Schwarze M, von zur M&uuml;hlen A, Manns MP. Hypermetabolism in clinically stable patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:1194-1201.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.6.1194"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300326"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Romiti A, Merli M, Martorano M, Parrilli G, Martino F, Riggio O, Truscelli A, Capocaccia L, Budillon G. Malabsorption and nutritional abnormalities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ital J Gastroenterol 1990;22:118-123."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199703)21"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200201000-00018"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600825117"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.836755"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600880898"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalaitzakis E, Bosaeus I, Ohman L, Bj&ouml;rnsson E. Altered postprandial glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin in liver cirrhosis: correlations with energy intake and resting energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:808-815.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.808"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270205"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120117"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20256"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199907000-00013"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(85)80749-2"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328318ed19"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000016871"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(92)90031-9"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510023783"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosking SW. Congestive gastropathy in portal hypertension: variations in prevalence. Hepatology 1989;10:257-258.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100223"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02286.x"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40246.x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1221-6"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Primignani M, Carpinelli L, Preatoni P, Battaglia G, Carta A, Prada A, Cestari R, Angeli P, Gatta A, Rossi A. Natural history of portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. The New Italian Endoscopic Club for the study and treatment of esophageal varices (NIEC). Gastroenterology 2000;119:181-187.","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.8555"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konturek SJ, Gonciarz M, Gonciarz Z, Bielanski W, Mazur W, Mularczyk A, Konturek PC, Goetze JP, Rehfeld JF. Progastrin and its products from patients with chronic viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003;38:643-647.","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310002472"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu CS, Lin CY, Liaw YF. Helicobacter pylori in cirrhotic patients with peptic ulcer disease: a prospective, case controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:424-427.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(95)70044-7"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen LS, Lin HC, Hwang SJ, Lee FY, Hou MC, Lee SD. Prevalence of gastric ulcer in cirrhotic patients and its relation to portal hypertension. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;11:59-64.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1996.tb00011.x"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80219-3"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Siringo S, Bolondi L, Piscaglia F, Gaetani M, Misitano B, Carbone C, Corinaldesi R, Burroughs AK. Peptic ulcer in patients with liver cirrhosis: a retrospective endoscopic and clinical study. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;29:62-68."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200207000-00002"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32835a1b26"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05140.x"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05225.x"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25684"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Physiological variations in canine gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat. Am J Physiol 1985;248:G229-G237.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1985.248.2.G229"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Vagally mediated gastric relaxation induced by intestinal nutrients in the dog. Am J Physiol 1986;251:G727-G735.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1986.251.6.G727"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat in health and postsurgical gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 1987;92:934-943.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90967-X"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahnberg T, Abrahamsson H, Jansson G, Martinson J. Gastric relaxatory response to feeding before and after vagotomy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977;12:225-228.","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1977.12031139"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.2.219"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.2.212"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00497.x"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02213124"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70012-5"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850170784"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00505.x"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjgastroenterol.2003.08.026"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202762671279"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00531-8"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90057-8"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70006-5"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27180"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000072059"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mog.0000182864.34540.a0"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310004939"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acalovschi M, Dumitra\u015fcu DL, Csakany I. Gastric and gall bladder emptying of a mixed meal are not coordinated in liver cirrhosis--a simultaneous sonographic study. Gut 1997;40:412-417.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.3.412"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Galati JS, Holdeman KP, Dalrymple GV, Harrison KA, Quigley EM. Delayed gastric emptying of both the liquid and solid components of a meal in chronic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:708-711."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200204000-00010"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalaitzakis E, Sadik R, Holst JJ, Ohman L, Bj&ouml;rnsson E. Gut transit is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and gut hormone profile in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:346-352.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.11.022"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500030105"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190112"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750023741"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-176"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199711000-00009"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409094894"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.2.339"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199603000-00005"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265086"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400362"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02369356"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050932"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200401000-00015"},{"key":"ref90","unstructured":"Chesta J, Defilippi C, Defilippi C. Abnormalities in proximal small bowel motility in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993;17:828-832."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018899611006"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280504"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07475.x"},{"key":"ref94","unstructured":"Madrid AM, Brahm J, Buckel E, Silva G, Defilippi C. Orthotopic liver transplantation improves small bowel motility disorders in cirrhotic patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:1044-1045."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31818de34c"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.05.017"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31829006bb"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.01025.x"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02282340"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03994.x"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.5746"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200204000-00003"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03032.x"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31826ae849"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90708-4"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30082"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.027425"},{"key":"ref109","unstructured":"Pascual S, Such J, Esteban A, Zapater P, Casellas JA, Aparicio JR, Girona E, Guti&eacute;rrez A, Carnices F, Palaz&oacute;n JM. Intestinal permeability is increased in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology 2003;50:1482-1486."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199904000-00009"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199305000-00014"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(00)00099-1"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590100589"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000026307.56909.21"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalaitzakis E, Johansson JE, Bjarnason I, Bj&ouml;rnsson E. Intestinal permeability in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41:326-330.","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510024278"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.011"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.558"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12271"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06490.x"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2012.01054.x"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarner C, Soriano G. Bacterial translocation and its consequences in patients with cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;17:27-31.","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200501000-00006"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20194"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04574.x"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50038"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.038"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02505.x"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.063"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03958.x"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2693-y"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.00797.x"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjarnason I, Peters TJ, Wise RJ. The leaky gut of alcoholism: possible route of entry for toxic compounds. Lancet 1984;1:179-182.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92109-3"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parlesak A, Sch&auml;fer C, Sch&uuml;tz T, Bode JC, Bode C. Increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules and endotoxemia in patients with chronic alcohol abuse in different stages of alcohol-induced liver disease. J Hepatol 2000;32:742-747.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80242-1"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.028"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Balasubramanian KA. Intestinal dysfunction in liver cirrhosis: Its role in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;16:607-612.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02444.x"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12027"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00946.x"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman DA, Atkins JM, Seelig LL, Gomez-Sanchez C, Krejs GJ. Water and electrolyte movement and mucosal morphology in the jejunum of patients with portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1980;79:707-715.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90249-8"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v3.i1.27"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24789"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02609.x"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v20\/i40\/14686.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T14:23:36Z","timestamp":1565965416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v20\/i40\/14686.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14686","relation":{},"ISSN":["1007-9327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1007-9327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}