{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:47:09Z","timestamp":1793677629705,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"36","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i36.8123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T02:04:17Z","timestamp":1474855457000},"page":"8123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Inflammatory bowel disease in India - Past, present and future"],"prefix":"10.3748","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Gautam","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-010-1084-5"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Antia FP. Crohn’s conundrum in Indians. Indian J Gastroenterol 1986;5:79-80."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70056-X"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000226"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.08.020"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2010.00429.x"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Khosla SN, Girdhar NK, Lal S, Mishra DS. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in hospital and select general population of northern India. J Assoc Physicians India 1986;34:405-407."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.11.1587"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0258-1"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000200475"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Goenka MK, Kochhar R, Mehta SK. Spectrum of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: an endoscopic study of 166 patients. Indian J Gastroenterol 1993;12:129-131."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Anand AC, Patnaik PK, Bhalla VP, Chaudhary R, Saha A, Rana VS. Massive lower intestinal bleeding--a decade of experience. Trop Gastroenterol 2001;22:131-134."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199601000-00004"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Ghoshal UC, Mehrotra M, Kumar S, Ghoshal U, Krishnani N, Misra A, Aggarwal R, Choudhuri G. Spectrum of malabsorption syndrome among adults & amp; factors differentiating celiac disease & amp; tropical malabsorption. Indian J Med Res 2012;136:451-459."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-011-0081-0"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Dutta AK, Balekuduru A, Chacko A. Spectrum of malabsorption in India--tropical sprue is still the leader. J Assoc Physicians India 2011;59:420-422."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05936.x"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7869\/tg.2012.45"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2004.03220.x"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i29.10024"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.02.024"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Ray G, Banerjee PK, Ghoshal UC, Dhar K, Pal BB, Biswas AD, Das U, Saha ML, Acharya AN, Majumdar S. Etiology and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleed--an appraisal from eastern India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2001;20:90-93."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.5.687"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Jayanthi V, Probert CS, Pinder D, Wicks AC, Mayberry JF. Epidemiology of Crohn’s disease in Indian migrants and the indigenous population in Leicestershire. Q J Med 1992;82:125-138."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199905000-00013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.85"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/349082"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Rajput HI, Seebaran AR, Desai Y. Ulcerative colitis in the Indian population of Durban. S Afr Med J 1992;81:245-248."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.06.035"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000200743"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200208000-00005"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.015012h22.x"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2008.00357.x"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Thakur S, Ranjan P, Ghoshal UC, Muller-Myhsok B, Khan F, Talwar S, Agarwal S. Association of human leucocyte DR and DQ antigens in Crohn’s disease in Asian Indians: a family study. Trop Gastroenterol 2003;24:185-188."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Habeeb MA, Rajalingam R, Dhar A, Kumar A, Sharma MP, Mehra NK. HLA association and occurrence of autoantibodies in Asian-Indian patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:772-776."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108562"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106863"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306625"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31828a6e93"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06832.x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2011.12.006"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-010-9238-9"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-011-0418-2"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016565"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425910384531"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2009.10.003"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-10-82"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e32831a9abe"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04538.x"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510015629"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03524.x"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.10.015"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06533.x"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Pugazhendhi S, Amte A, Balamurugan R, Subramanian V, Ramakrishna BS. Common NOD2 mutations are absent in patients with Crohn’s disease in India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2008;27:201-203."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114665"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000437567.12067.e7"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-008-0002-x"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-15-86"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-012-9256-9"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-014-1462-0"},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"Ek WE, D’Amato M, Halfvarson J. The history of genetics in inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Gastroenterol 2014;27:294-303."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2006.0029"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"Desai HG, Gupte PA. Increasing incidence of Crohn’s disease in India: is it related to improved sanitation? Indian J Gastroenterol 2005;24:23-24."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-011-0145-1"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"Sood A, Amre D, Midha V, Sharma S, Sood N, Thara A, Bansal M, Juyal G, Thelma BK, Seidman E. Low hygiene and exposure to infections may be associated with increased risk for ulcerative colitis in a North Indian population. Ann Gastroenterol 2014;27:219-223."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17554\/j.issn.2224-3992.2015.04.541"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307410"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i22.3404"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-20"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-6-22"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01360-10"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.107786"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0302-1"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802556809"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.22761"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45629-0"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199301000-00008"},{"key":"ref79","unstructured":"Balamurugan R, Balaji V, Ramakrishna BS. Estimation of faecal carriage of Clostridium difficile in patients with ulcerative colitis using real time polymerase chain reaction. Indian J Med Res 2008;127:472-477."},{"key":"ref80","unstructured":"Vaishnavi C, Kochhar R, Bhasin D, Thennarasu K, Singh K. Simultaneous assays for Clostridium difficile and faecal lactoferrin in ulcerative colitis. Trop Gastroenterol 2003;24:13-16."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.007"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.09.005"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv202"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0293-y,"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9527-0"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.741"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.33857"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06048.x"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-015-0608-x"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03810.x"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199206000-00003"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12276"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i12.3644"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200172"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.11.013"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i2.599"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2303-4"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i4.433"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta AK, Sahu MK, Gangadharan SK, Chacko A. Distinguishing Crohn’s disease from intestinal tuberculosis--a prospective study. Trop Gastroenterol 2011;32:204-209.","DOI":"10.4103\/TROG_20113203_204"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i17.5017"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-014-0418-9"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-012-1195-1"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2667-0"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0600"},{"key":"ref105","unstructured":"Baijal R, Chogle A, Kumar P, Shah N, Kulkarni S, Doshi S, Gupta D, Amarapurkar D. A Case of Tuberculous Colitis with Associated Takayasu’s Arteritis. J Assoc Physicians India 2015;63:62-65."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-014-0507-6"},{"key":"ref107","unstructured":"Avinash B, Dutta AK, Chacko A. Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in South India. Indian Pediatr 2009;46:639-640."},{"key":"ref108","unstructured":"Sathiyasekaran M, Raju BB, Shivbalan S, Rajarajan K. Pediatric Crohn’s disease in South India. Indian Pediatr 2005;42:459-463."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.04.017"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01124.x"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v22\/i36\/8123.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T21:16:03Z","timestamp":1749590163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v22\/i36\/8123.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v22.i36.8123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1007-9327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1007-9327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}