{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:04:25Z","timestamp":1793408665834,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"27","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,21]]},"DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i27.3038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T03:17:08Z","timestamp":1531970228000},"page":"3038-3054","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Systematic overview of hepatitis C infection in the Middle East and North Africa"],"prefix":"10.3748","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Karima","family":"Chaabna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohaila","family":"Cheema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hekmat","family":"Alrouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert B","family":"Lowenfels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Maisonneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Mamtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hepatitis C Geneva, Switzerland 2017 [cited 2017-09-27] Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs164\/en\/"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hepatitis B Geneva, Switzerland 2017[cited 2017-09-27] Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs204\/en\/"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06527-7"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Al-Zanaty F, Way A. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Cairo, Egypt: Ministry of Health, 2009"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Al-Zanaty F. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Cairo, Egypt: Ministry of Health and Population 2015"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.027"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002264"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0751-4"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-2-4"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001419"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-10"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"United Nations. Total Population - Both Sexes. De facto population in a country, area or region as of 1 July of the year indicated. Figures are presented in thousands. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision 2016 [cited 2017-09-10] Available from: URL: https:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/Population\/"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"National institutes of Health. PubMed.gov US National Library of Medcine Bethesda, USA2016 [cited 2017-09-10] Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Clarivate Analytics. EndNote X7 2017. [cited 2017-09-10]Available from: URL: http:\/\/endnote.com\/product-details"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Elmagarmid A, Fedorowicz Z, Hammady H, Ilyas I, Khabsa M, Ouzzani M, editors. Rayyan: a systematic reviews web app for exploring and filtering searches for eligible studies for Cochrane Reviews. Evidence-Informed Public Health: Opportunities and Challenges Abstracts of the 22nd Cochrane Colloquium, 2014; Hyderabad, India"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Gilead Science. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approves Gilead\u2019s Vosevi\u2122 (Sofosbuvir\/Velpatasvir\/Voxilaprevir) for Re-Treatment of Adults with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus: Gilead Sciences, Inc.; 2017 [cited 2017-12-10]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.gilead.com\/news\/press-releases\/2017\/7\/us-food-and-drug-administration-approves-gileads-vosevi-sofosbuvirvelpatasvirvoxilaprevir-for-retreatment-of-adults-with-chronic-hepatitis-c-virus"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1306218"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574887112666170725132044"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1505967"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Dutt A. Will Gilead & AbbVie Benefit from Merck\u2019s Decision to Drop Two HCV Programs? : Nasdaq; 2017 [cited 2018-03-21] Available from: URL: https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/article\/will-gilead-abbvie-benefit-from-mercks-decision-to-drop-two-hcv-programs-cm854557"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Thompson M, Tiwari A, Fu R. Results. Existing Literature on Improving the Use of Systematic Reviews To Inform Study Designs. A Framework to faciliatate the use of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in the design of primary research studies [Internet]. Rockville (MD), US: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2012"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149966"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1133"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02622.x"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26141"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2013.788383"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.6050"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135281"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61097-0"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12481"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.35106"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.40357"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-011-0236-z"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12617"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5647"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Umar M, Khaar HT, Khurram M, Hasan Z. Anti-HCV antibody positivity of various sections of Pakistani patients. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2009; 19: 737-741"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23643"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.14.44.2199"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3243"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-910.2013047004247"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0251-2"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27969"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-016-0083-8"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.1.20711"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02540.x"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1991.tb00894.x"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121873"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Bosan A, Qureshi H, Bile KM, Ahmad I, Hafiz R. A review of hepatitis viral infections in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2010; 60: 1045-1058"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2013.1"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-433"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12247"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"Raja NS, Janjua KA. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Pakistan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2008; 41: 4-8"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.35558"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.012"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.02.003"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-288"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.06.019"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"Bajubair MA, Elrub AA, Bather G. Hepatic viral infections in Yemen between 2000--2005. Saudi Med J 2008; 29: 871-874"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2017"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23937"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002049"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312636"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.012"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e32834a802a"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.119372"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179711"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124944"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"De Bel-Air F. Gulf Labour Markets and Migration (GLMM). Demography, migration and labour market in Qatar. GLMM - EN - No. 8\/2014. San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy: European University Institute and Gulf Research Center (GRC), 2015"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"De Bel-Air F. Gulf Labour Markets and Migration (GLMM). Demography, Migration, and the Labour Market in the UAE. GLMM - EN - No. 7\/2015. San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy: European University Institute and Gulf Research Center (GRC), 2015"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Priya DSouza Consultancy. Population of Qatar by nationality - 2017 report. Doha, Qatar: 2017"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"Kuwait Visa. Visa types 2017 [cited 2017-05-21] Available from: URL: http:\/\/kuwaitvisa.com\/visa-types\/"},{"key":"ref76","unstructured":"Labour Market Regulatory Authority. Pre-employment Examination General Rules for Expatriates Kingdom of Bahrain N.D. [cited 2017-01-11] Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---ed_protect\/---protrav\/---ilo_aids\/documents\/legaldocument\/wcms_241688.pdf"},{"key":"ref77","unstructured":"Mininstry of Public Health. Medical commission Doha, Qatar 2017 [cited 2017-01-11]. Available from: URL: https:\/\/www.moph.gov.qa\/health-services\/services-to-public\/medical-commission\/medical-commission"},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"Health Authority. Residence-Visa Medical Check-up Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates2017 [cited 2017-01-11]. Available from: URL: https:\/\/www.haad.ae\/haad\/tabid\/1200\/Default.aspx"},{"key":"ref79","unstructured":"Royal Oman Police - Directorate General of Operations. Employment Visa 2017 [cited 2017-05-21]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.rop.gov.om\/old\/english\/dg_pr_visas_employment.asp"},{"key":"ref80","unstructured":"Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in United Kingdom. Requirement for work visa 2017 [cited 2017-05-21] Available from: URL: http:\/\/embassies.mofa.gov.sa\/sites\/uk\/EN\/DiplomaticMissionServices\/Consulates\/ConsulatesServices\/Other%20Visas%20Services%20e\/Pages\/REQUIREMENTS%20FOR%20Work12%20VISAS.aspx"},{"key":"ref81","unstructured":"Khan AJ, Luby SP, Fikree F, Karim A, Obaid S, Dellawala S, Mirza S, Malik T, Fisher-Hoch S, McCormick JB. Unsafe injections and the transmission of hepatitis B and C in a periurban community in Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78: 956-963"},{"key":"ref82","unstructured":"Altaf A, Saleem N, Abbas S, Muzaffar R. High prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Hyderabad and Sukkur, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2009; 59: 136-140"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501547"},{"key":"ref84","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Unsafe Injection Practices Having Serious Large-Scale Consequences. Press Release WHO\/14. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2000"},{"key":"ref85","unstructured":"World Health Organization. What is hepatitis? 2016 [cited 2018-03-21]. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.who.int\/features\/qa\/76\/en\/"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.042"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9630-4"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814000478"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2012.20.72-84"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2016.22.4.267"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v24\/i27\/3038.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T03:23:34Z","timestamp":1531970614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v24\/i27\/3038.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,21]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"27","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v24.i27.3038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1007-9327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1007-9327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,21]]}}}