{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:40:12Z","timestamp":1791852012765,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]},"DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i25.3183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T09:32:45Z","timestamp":1562232765000},"page":"3183-3195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Infections with\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    and challenges encountered in Africa"],"prefix":"10.3748","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Stella","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muinah","family":"Fowora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinaldo","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1868"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5514-0.00072-5"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12522"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"IARC. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon: WHO press, 1994; 61: 1-241"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Rugge M, Fassan M, Graham DY. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. In: Strong V. Gastric Cancer. Cham: Springer, 2015: 23-32"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i18.5191"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70066-5"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Ribaldone DG, Fagoonee S, Hickman I, Altruda F, Saracco GM, Pellicano R. Helicobacter pylori infection and ischemic heart disease: Could experimental data lead to clinical studies? Minerva Cardioangiol 2016; 64: 686-696"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12411"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312288"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2011.00529.x"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14561"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X398311"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru029"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304681110"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000180"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003775"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2018.09.040"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2017.605.278"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/1934-7391\/2017.05.001"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2009.02.027"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Taddesse G, Habteselassie A, Desta K, Esayas S, Bane A. Association of dyspepsia symptoms and Helicobacter pylori infections in private higher clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2011; 49: 109-116"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-10-62"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.178.5024"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2009.24.1.1"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB09.824"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0927-3"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-010-1076-9"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/pamj.v6i1.69090"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Etukudo OM, Ikpeme EE, Ekanem EE. Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection among children seen in a tertiary hospital in Uyo, southern Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2012; 12: 39"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Ophori EA, Isibor C, Onemu SO, Johnny EJ. Immunological response to Helicobacter pylori among healthy volunteers in Agbor, Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2011; 1: 38-40"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(10)60142-3"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.506.002"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S1121-421X.18.02528-X"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4274-z"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"McLaughlin NJ, McLaughlin DI, Lefcort H. The influence of socio-economic factors on Helicobacter pylori infection rates of students in rural Zambia. Cent Afr J Med 2003; 49: 38-41"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ajmhs.ajmhs_36_17"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/APJCP.2018.19.7.1851"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01189.x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3146-1"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"El-Sharouny E, El-Shazli H, Olama Z. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in Some Egyptian Water Systems and Its Incidence of Transmission to Individuals. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44: 203-210"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200012060-00003"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.01975.x"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.11.002"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.4.429"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1501-x"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-018-0198-1"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10330-011-0880-x"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v16i1.3"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1184-y"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/jbmoa.2016.03.00060"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.52.5887"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21276\/sjams"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"Afihene MKY, Denyer M, Amuasi JJ, Boakye I, Nkrumah K. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and endoscopic findings among dyspeptics in Kumasi, Ghana. Open Sci J Clin Med 2014; 2: 63-68"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v49i3.4"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176454"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.4041"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-010-0024-1"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3179-5"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003190"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"Loghmari H, Bdioui F, Bouhlel W, Melki W, Hellara O, Ben Chaabane N, Safer L, Zakhama A, Saffar H. Clarithromycin versus metronidazole in first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication. Prospective randomized study of 85 Tunisian adults. Tunis Med 2012; 90: 31-35"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2012.10.002"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1524-6"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12395"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i13.3615"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.5302"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0863-2"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4832-4834.2004"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201658088"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-9-22"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0209"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.11.003"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12446"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12219"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-12-3"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.512"},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"Aboderin OA, Abdu AR, Odetoyin B', Okeke IN, Lawal OO, Ndububa DA, Agbakwuru AE, Lamikanra A. Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori from patients in Ile-Ife, South-west, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2007; 7: 143-147"},{"key":"ref79","unstructured":"Abdulrasheed A, Lawal OO, Abioye-Kuteyi EA, Lamikanra A. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori isolates of dyspeptic Nigerian patients. Trop Gastroenterol 2005; 26: 85-88"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00517-12"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12204"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02062.x"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5430723"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2682-2684.2004"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v82i12.9364"},{"key":"ref86","unstructured":"Tanih NF, Okeleye BI, Naidoo N, Clarke AM, Mkwetshana N, Green E, Ndip LM, Ndip RN. Marked susceptibility of South African Helicobacter pylori strains to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin: Clinical implications. S Afr Med J 2010; 100: 49-52"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/259457"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3099-4"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-014-0027-6"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i11.3150"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-018-0867-1"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v25\/i25\/3183.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T09:33:32Z","timestamp":1562232812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v25\/i25\/3183.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"25","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v25.i25.3183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1007-9327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1007-9327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]}}}