{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:06:19Z","timestamp":1793387179030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"36","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i36.6025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T02:50:50Z","timestamp":1632365450000},"page":"6025-6038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030?"],"prefix":"10.3748","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Edina","family":"Amponsah-Dacosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.   Global hepatitis report, 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.111"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27969"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31280"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-017-9959-0"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1209-1"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v108i8b.13499"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v4.i3.99"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa. Ann Hepatol 2013; 12: 173-182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31354-7"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"World Health Organization.   Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016\u20132021: towards ending viral hepatitis. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2019.04.002"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.suppl_2.s5"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa.   Hepatitis scorecard for the WHO Africa Region implementing the hepatitis elimination strategy. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/publications\/hepatitis-scorecard-who-africa-region-implementing-hepatitis-elimination-strategy"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.31.119.14571"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.620"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0883"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Tsega E, Mengesha B, Nordenfelt E, Hansson BG, Lindberg J. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers among Ethiopian blood donors: is HBsAg screening necessary? Trop Geogr Med 1987; 39: 336-340"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05229-7"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2090-1"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)93137-p"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-7"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3883-9"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890280210"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8578172"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Maupas P, Chiron JP, Goudeau A, Coursaget P, Perrin J, Barin F, Yvonnet B, Dubois F, Duflo B, Duflo-Moreau B, Sidibe S, Diallo AN. [Epidemiology and pathologic results of chronic carriers state of hepatitis B in Mali]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1981; 74: 722-732"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410x(90)90229-f"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760200006"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(84)91694-5"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v107i10.12171"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-424"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/15.2.274"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178122X18792859"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria.   Nigeria HIV\/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS) 2018: Technical Report. Abuja, Nigeria; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.naiis.ng\/resource\/NAIIS-Report-2018.pdf"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2149-z"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036711"},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"Barin F, Perrin J, Chotard J, Denis F, N'Doye R, Diop Mar I, Chiron JP, Coursaget P, Goudeau A, Maupas P. Cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiology of hepatitis B in Senegal. Prog Med Virol 1981; 27: 148-162"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.32.140.14485"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030211"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217415"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.06.005"},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Bwogi J, Braka F, Makumbi I, Mishra V, Bakamutumaho B, Nanyunja M, Opio A, Downing R, Biryahwaho B, Lewis RF. Hepatitis B infection is highly endemic in Uganda: findings from a national serosurvey. Afr Health Sci 2009; 9: 98-108"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Uganda.   Uganda Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (UPHIA) 2016\u20132017: Final Report: Kampala, Ministry of Health; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/phia.icap.columbia.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/UPHIA_Final_Report_Revise_07.11.2019_Final_for-web.pdf"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"Tswana S, Chetsanga C, Nystr\u00f6m L, Moyo S, Nzara M, Chieza L. A sero-epidemiological cross-sectional study of hepatitis B virus in Zimbabwe. S Afr Med J 1996; 86: 72-75"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.02.021"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2010.01.005"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30295-9"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"World Health Organization.   World Health Organization\/UNICEF joint reporting process. Geneva: World Health Organization\/UNICEF, 2020"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.030"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i30.10395"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.7876"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.05.018"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13217"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13795"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.08.028"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.029"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.7299"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01443-6"},{"key":"B61","unstructured":"UNAIDS.   UNAIDS data 2020. 2nd edition, February 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2020_aids-data-book_en.pdf"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30448-6"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.100"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161714"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237252"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02479-x"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31937"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3399566"},{"key":"B69","unstructured":"Howell J, Ladepa NG, Lemoinea M, Thursza MR. , Taylor-Robinsona SD. Hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa.  South Sudan Med J 2014; 7: 59-61"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309892"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30161-3"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20398"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.55716"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08880018.2014.909547"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2017.755"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1781"},{"key":"B77","unstructured":"Ferlay J, Laversanne M, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Pi\u00f1eros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F.   Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020"},{"key":"B78","unstructured":"Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Pi\u00f1eros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F.   Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.04.006"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000969"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12884"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4695-9"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20027"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-018-0214-5"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208732"},{"key":"B86","unstructured":"Kew MC. Aflatoxins as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2013; 22: 305-310"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12558-013-0275-8"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v9.i5.54"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2004.09.018"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000428"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901812010026"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.021"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5916-6"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13131"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196057"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01168.x"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30056-6"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy028"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13247"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2018.1474097"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13393"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.10.013"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0477"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225830"},{"key":"B105","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa.   Sixty-fourth session of the WHO Regional Committee for Africa. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/about-us\/governance\/sessions\/sixty-fourth-session-who-regional-committee-africa"},{"key":"B106","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa.   Regional strategic plan for immunization 2014 \u2013 2020. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2017-06\/oms-ivb-rvap-afro-en-20150408_final_sent140317.pdf"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00056-X"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv044"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104992"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3544"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v27\/i36\/6025.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T02:51:48Z","timestamp":1632365508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v27\/i36\/6025.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v27.i36.6025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1007-9327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1007-9327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]}}}