{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:47:44Z","timestamp":1793227664444,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Gastroenterol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections, particularly those triggered by emerging pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, are increasingly recognized for their profound impact on the gut microbiota, causing dysbiosis, a condition characterized by an imbalance in microbial communities. Recent studies suggest that alterations in gut microbiota can influence disease progression, immune responses, and clinical outcomes. The bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the host immune system is crucial in shaping responses to infection. Furthermore, dysbiosis has been linked to exacerbated inflammation, impaired mucosal barrier function, and altered drug metabolism, thereby complicating both disease pathogenesis and treatment efficacy. This review examines the interplay between viral infections and gut microbiota dysbiosis, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies to modulate host immunity. We also evaluate the potential of microbiome-based interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, as therapeutic strategies for restoring microbial balance and mitigating the severity of infections. The paper underscores the need for further research to optimize microbiota-targeted therapies and integrate them into clinical practice, offering a comprehensive approach to managing dysbiosis in viral infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v32.i3.112437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:28:27Z","timestamp":1768523307000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Interplay between viral infections and gut microbiota dysbiosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential"],"prefix":"10.3748","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Tsvetelina","family":"Velikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hristiana","family":"Batselova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyubomir","family":"Chervenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrina","family":"Miteva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Peruhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Gulinac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latchezar","family":"Tomov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yordanka","family":"Mitova-Mineva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeri","family":"Velev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180448"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-2803.201700000-31"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1098386"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516004037"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9030058"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257147"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258025"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90284-4"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu037"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211057"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goletti D, Weissman D, Jackson RW, Graham NM, Vlahov D, Klein RS, Munsiff SS, Ortona L, Cauda R, Fauci AS. Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on HIV replication. Role of immune activation. J Immunol 1996; 1271-1278","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.3.1271"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.7.2707-2714.1994"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20498"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.03.011"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.4.1753"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028009879.x"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027052"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.12.002"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198203"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37661"},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"Clayville LR. Influenza update: a review of currently available vaccines. P T 2011; 659-684"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13111005"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.013"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00734-20"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3773"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvz039"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040605"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140625"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00182"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02640"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006841"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.82"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.1"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200681"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103225"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006438"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2021.100287"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0580-7"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1072720"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.657679"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00463"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01451"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002132"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173802"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001366"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu409"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32585-x"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1560768"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30673"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.01.033"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000935"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081567"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0011-z"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.72"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050950"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102101"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14951"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00461-1"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1664447"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.08.022"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-025-10776-9"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2025.101494"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2025.00111"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04159-5"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1560564"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03009-0"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00239-24"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1152987"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09534-w"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00764-25"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1119875"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1669"},{"key":"B76","unstructured":"Suryana KD, Simadibrata M, Renaldi K. Impact of COVID-19 on the Gut: A Review of the Manifestations, Pathology, Management, and Challenges. Acta Med Indones 2021; 96-104"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07909-y"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1719902"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.65.e71406"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2021.06.025"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04138-6"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23333"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10165-x"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020202"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043929"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i14.1406"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000512152"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020113"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gastroent12040038"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1443"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.51592.2"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11335"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gastroent13020021"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.611337"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02043-4"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v12.i2.68"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000724"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp2636"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01772-2"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957107"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202010_23448"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3785\/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.02.02"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101709"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00009"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101123"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00698-4"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.22.20076091"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.18.24317428"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i45.6328"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04819-9"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.14278-0"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00295-22"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa709"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-726620\/v1"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010131"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328319"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01472-7"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1565887"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e120"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03157-5"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010567"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13060971"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11041036"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00733-7"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-020-00017-w"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361231154443"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00680-24"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01274-w"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00315-6"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.11.035"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gastroent13010006"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02519-x"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0163"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9648-5"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102029"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31802c7465"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2012.12.004"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01830-18"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102185"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3415-x"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu065"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451100064X"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.08.020"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053043"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90749"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0141-3"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00389"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39602-7"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0173-3"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00980-0"},{"key":"B153","unstructured":"Britannica.   Human microbiome. [cited 10 August 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/human-microbiome"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15607414"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v5i1.388"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071849"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325010"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.759306"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1605143"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02014-8"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00647-1"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.02.035"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1583562"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13232003"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311731"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v32\/i3\/112437.htm","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v32\/i3\/112437.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:28:39Z","timestamp":1768523319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/1007-9327\/full\/v32\/i3\/112437.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"alternative-id":["112437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v32.i3.112437","relation":{},"ISSN":["1007-9327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1007-9327","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}}}