{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:57:47Z","timestamp":1781632667900,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Gastroenterol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Although Helicobacter pylori  (H. pylori ) can cause a range of gastric diseases and affects approximately 50% of the global population, its routes of transmission have yet to be sufficiently clarified. In a preliminary study, we found that H. pylori  can reside within the cells of Candida  yeasts, with maternal Candida  serving as a potential reservoir for the transmission of H. pylori  to neonates during delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To study the route of H. pylori  transmission from mothers to offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We established vaginal and gastric infection models using female C57BL\/6J mice infected with H. pylori 16S rDNA  and urease A (ureA ) genes-positive Candida . The successfully infective female mice were then mated with normal male mice until conception (classified vaginal and cesarean deliveries). The H. pylori  infection status in female mice and their offspring was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction, Candida  isolation and culture, and histopathological examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed an increase in H. pylori -specific IgG and IgM serum antibodies in the H. pylori -positive Candida  group maternal and offspring mice compared to the control and normal groups. H. pylori 16S rDNA  or ureA  genes was detected in samples from some of the maternal and offspring mice, including gastric mucosa, intestinal contents, vaginal tissue, placenta, and fetal membranes. In addition, H. pylori 16S rDNA-  or ureA  gene- positive Candida  were successfully isolated from the tissues of some postpartum maternal and offspring mice. Moreover, histopathological examination revealed bleeding spots and inflammatory cell infiltration in the gastric mucosal tissues of some maternal mice and offspring in the H. pylori -positive Candida  group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, H. pylori  infection of newborns may be acquired through vertical transmission during childbirth, potentially originating from the mother\u2019s Candida  that has been internalized by H. pylori .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v32.i7.115143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:24:39Z","timestamp":1770283479000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Candida<\/i>\n                    -mediated vertical transmission of\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    in C57BL\/6J mice"],"prefix":"10.3748","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Ting","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gu-Zhen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dao-Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Juan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Xiu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Chao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Feng","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Wei","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren JR, Marshall B. 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