{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:17:41Z","timestamp":1775276261053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Mineralogical Association of Canada","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The Rainbow hydrothermal field (36\u00b014\u2032N) and the Saldanha seamount (36\u00b034\u2032N), in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), are tectonic exposures of serpentinized upper mantle peridotites, both associated with significant hydrothermal activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>On the basis of detailed mineralogical and geochemical characterization of serpentinites from both sites, several serpentinization-related issues are discussed in the present work. As expected in oceanic environments, most of the sampled rocks are lizardite-chrysotile serpentinites exhibiting a variety of pseudomorphic through non-pseudomorphic textures, such textural evolution probably being related to changing water\/rock ratios during this retrograde process. Oxygen isotope temperatures indicate that the serpentinization took place at 300\u2013200 \u00b0C; on the other hand, isotopic data suggest that replacement of early pseudomorphic lizardite by lizardite \u00b1 chrysotile non-pseudomorphic textures requires that temperatures and\/or water\/rock ratios are high enough to promote the necessary dissolution\u2013recrystallization processes. Mass-balance calculations for olivine-serpentine and orthopyroxene-serpentine pairs provided a basis for establishing serpentinization reactions likely to have produced the present rocks. Moreover, these calculations also showed that, notwithstanding some noticeable loss of MgO from olivine and of SiO2 from orthopyroxene, serpentinization of both minerals implies volume increases on the order of 26\u201327%, therefore potentially promoting the overall expansion of the rock. The geochemical and isotopic features of the studied rocks indicate that unmodified seawater was responsible for the serpentinization of the MAR peridotites. However, the mineralogy and REE patterns of some of these serpentinites indicate occasional subsequent interaction of the serpentinized rocks with seawater at much lower temperatures (seafloor alteration, characterized by carbonate deposition and negative Ce anomalies), or with high-temperature ore-forming hydrothermal fluids (ore-forming alteration, characterized by sulfide precipitation and steep positive Eu anomalies).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.1900010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T12:16:04Z","timestamp":1567599364000},"page":"677-706","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Serpentinization at the Rainbow and Saldanha sites, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic features"],"prefix":"10.3749","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Ribeiro da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa Edif\u00edcio C6 \u2013 Piso 4, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Frederick Joseph","family":"Wicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada"}]},{"given":"Fernando J.A.S.","family":"Barriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa Edif\u00edcio C6 \u2013 Piso 4, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL) \u2013 Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa Edif\u00edcio C1 \u2013 Piso 0, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"2062","reference":[{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Agrinier2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrinier,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              H\u00e9kinian,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Bideau,\n              D.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJavoy,M.\n          (1995)\n          Stable isotope compositions (18O\/16O, D\/H, and 13C\/12C) of oceanic crust and upper mantle rocks exposed in the Hess Deep near the Galapagos Triple Junction.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth Planetary Science Letters136,\n\t\t\t\t\t183\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(95)00159-A"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Allen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen,\n              D.E.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSeyfried,W.E.,Jr.\n          (2003)\n          Compositional controls on vent fluids from ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges: an experimental study at 400 \u00b0C, 500 bars.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta67,\n\t\t\t\t\t1531\u20131542.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(02)01173-0"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Alt1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alt,\n              J.C.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShanks,W.,III\n          (2003)\n          Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites from the MARK area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: sulfur geochemistry and reaction modelling.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta67,\n\t\t\t\t\t641\u2013653.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(02)01142-0"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Andreani1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreani,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              M\u00e9vel,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Boullier,\n              A.-M.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEscart\u00edn,J.\n          (2007)\n          Dynamic control on serpentine crystallization in veins: constraints on hydration processes in oceanic peridotites.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeochemistry, Geophysics, & Geosystems8(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t24pp.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GC001373"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Aumento1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aumento,\n              F.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLoubat,H.\n          (1971)\n          The Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 45\u00b0N. 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Research100(B3),\n\t\t\t\t\t3767\u20133787.","DOI":"10.1029\/94JB02649"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Dias1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias,\n              A.S.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBarriga,F.J.A.S.\n          (2006)\n          Mineralogy and geochemistry of hydrothermal sediments from serpentinite-hosted Saldanha hydrothermal field (36\u00b034\u2032N; 33\u00b026\u2032W) at MAR.\n\t\t\t\t\tMarine Geology225,\n\t\t\t\t\t157\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2005.07.013"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Dias2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Mills,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Taylor,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Ferreira,\n              P.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBarriga,F.J.A.S.\n          (2008)\n          Geochemistry of a sediment push-core from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge.\n\t\t\t\t\tChemical Geology247,\n\t\t\t\t\t339\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2007.10.015"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Dick1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick,\n              H.J.B.,\n            \n            \n              Fisher,\n              R.L.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBryan,W.B.\n          (1984)\n          Mineralogical variability of the uppermost mantle along mid-ocean ridges.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Planetary Science Letters69,\n\t\t\t\t\t88\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(84)90076-1"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Dilek1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilek,\n              Y.,\n            \n            \n              Coulton,\n              A.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHurst,S.D.\n          (1997)\n          Serpentinization and hydrothermal veining in peridotites at Site 920 in the MARK area.\n\t\t\t\t\tProceedings of Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results148,\n\t\t\t\t\t35\u201360.","DOI":"10.2973\/odp.proc.sr.153.004.1997"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Dungan1","unstructured":"Dungan,\n              M.A.\n            \n          \n          (1977)\n          Metastability in serpentine \u2013 olivine equilibria.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Mineralogist62,\n\t\t\t\t\t1018\u20131029."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Dungan2","unstructured":"Dungan,\n              M.A.\n            \n          \n          (1979a)\n          Bastite pseudomorphs after orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and tremolite.\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Mineralogist17,\n\t\t\t\t\t729\u2013740."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Dungan3","unstructured":"Dungan,\n              M.A.\n            \n          \n          (1979b)\n          A microprobe study of antigorite and some serpentine pseudomorphs.\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Mineralogist17,\n\t\t\t\t\t771\u2013784."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Escartin1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escart\u00edn,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Hirth,\n              G.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEvans,B.\n          (1997)\n          Effects of serpentinization on the lithosphere strength and the style of normal faulting at slow-spreading ridges.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Planetary Science Letters151,\n\t\t\t\t\t181\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(97)81847-X"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Evans1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans,\n              B.W.\n            \n          \n          (1977)\n          Metamorphism of alpine peridotite and serpentinite.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnnual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences5,\n\t\t\t\t\t397\u2013447.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.05.050177.002145"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Evans2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans,\n              B.\n            \n          \n          (2004)\n          The serpentine multisystem revisited: chrysotile is metastable.\n\t\t\t\t\tInternational Geology Review46,\n\t\t\t\t\t479\u2013506.","DOI":"10.2747\/0020-6814.46.6.479"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Faure1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faure,\n              G.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPowell,J.L.\n          (1972)\n          Strontium Isotope Geology.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpringer-Verlag,\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York, United States,\n\t\t\t\t\t188pp.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65367-4"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Fouquet1","unstructured":"Fouquet,\n              Y.,\n            \n            \n              Charlou,\n              J.L.,\n            \n            \n              Ondr\u00e9as,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Radford-Knoery,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Donval,\n              J.P.,\n            \n            \n              Douville,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Appriou,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Cambon,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Pell\u00e9,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Landur\u00e9,\n              J.Y.,\n            \n            \n              Normand,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Ponsevera,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              German,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Parson,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Barriga,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Costa,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Relvas,\n              J.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRibeiro,A.\n          (1997)\n          Discovery and first submersible investigations on the Rainbow hydrothermal field on the MAR (36\u00b014\u2032N).\n\t\t\t\t\tEos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union78, F832(abstract)."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Francis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis,\n              T.J.G.\n            \n          \n          (1981)\n          Serpentinization faults and their role in the tectonics of slow spreading ridges.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Geophysical Research86(B12),\n\t\t\t\t\t11616\u201311622.","DOI":"10.1029\/JB086iB12p11616"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Frey1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frey,\n              F.A.\n            \n          \n          (1984)\n          Chapter 5: Rare earth element abundances in upper mantle rocks.\n\t\t\t\t\tInRare Earth Element Geochemistry: Developments in Geochemistry 2 (\n\t\t\t\t\tHenderson,P.ed.).\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier (\n\t\t\t\t\t153\u2013203\n\t\t\t\t\t).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-42148-7.50010-1"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-FruhGreen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00fch-Green,\n              G.L.,\n            \n            \n              Plas,\n              A.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tL\u00e9cuyer,C.\n          (1996)\n          Petrologic and stable isotope constraints on hydrothermal alteration and serpentinization of the EPR shallow mantle at Hess Deep (Site 895).\n\t\t\t\t\tProceedings of Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results147,\n\t\t\t\t\t255\u2013291.","DOI":"10.2973\/odp.proc.sr.147.016.1996"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-German1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"German,\n              C.G.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tParson,L.M.\n          (1998)\n          Distribution of hydrothermal activity along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: interplay of magmatic and tectonic controls.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Planetary Science Letters160,\n\t\t\t\t\t327\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(98)00093-4"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-German2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"German,\n              C.R.,\n            \n            \n              Parson,\n              L.M.,\n            \n          &\n\t\t\t\t\tThe HEAT Scientific Team(1996)Hydrothermal exploration at the Azores Triple Junction: Tectonic control of venting at slow spreading ridges?Earth and Planetary Science Letters138,\n\t\t\t\t\t93\u2013104.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(95)00224-Z"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Golightly1","unstructured":"Golightly,\n              J.P.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tArancibia,O.N.\n          (1979)\n          The chemical composition and infrared spectrum of nickel- and iron-substituted serpentine from a nickeliferous laterite profile, Soroako, Indonesia.\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Mineralogist17,\n\t\t\t\t\t719\u2013728."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Gracia1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e0cia,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Bideau,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Hekinian,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Lagabrielle,\n              Y.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tParson,L.M.\n          (1997)\n          Along-axis magmatic oscillations and exposure of ultramafic rocks in a second-order segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (33\u00b043\u2032N to 34\u00b007\u2032N).\n\t\t\t\t\tGeology25,\n\t\t\t\t\t1059\u20131062.","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1997)025<1059:AAMOAE>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Gracia2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e0cia,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Charlou,\n              J.L.,\n            \n            \n              Radford-Knoery,\n              J.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tParson,L.M.\n          (2000)\n          Non-transform offsets along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Azores (38\u00b0N-34\u00b0N): ultramafic exposures and hosting of hydrothermal vents.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Planetary Science Letters177,\n\t\t\t\t\t89\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(00)00034-0"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Gresens1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gresens,\n              R.L.\n            \n          \n          (1967)\n          Composition\u2013volume relationships of metasomatism.\n\t\t\t\t\tChemical Geology2,\n\t\t\t\t\t47\u201365.","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(67)90004-6"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Grubb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grubb,\n              P.L.C.\n            \n          \n          (1962)\n          Serpentinization and chrysotile formation in the Matheson Ultrabasic Belt, Northern Ontario.\n\t\t\t\t\tEconomic Geology57,\n\t\t\t\t\t1228\u20131246.","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.57.8.1228"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Hostetler1","unstructured":"Hostetler,\n              P.B.,\n            \n            \n              Coleman,\n              R.G.,\n            \n            \n              Mumpton,\n              F.A.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEvans,B.\n          (1966)\n          Brucite in alpine serpentinites.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Mineralogist51,\n\t\t\t\t\t75\u201398."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Iishi1","unstructured":"Iishi,\n              K.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSaito,M.\n          (1973)\n          Synthesis of antigorite.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Mineralogist58,\n\t\t\t\t\t915\u2013919."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Ikin1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikin,\n              N.P.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHarmon,R.S.\n          (1983)\n          A stable isotope study of serpentinization and metamorphism in the Highland Border Suite, Scotland.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta47,\n\t\t\t\t\t153\u2013167.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(83)90129-1"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Janecky1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janecky,\n              D.R.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSeyfried,W.E.\n          (1986)\n          Hydrothermal serpentinization of peridotite within the ocean crust: experimental investigations of mineralogy and major element chemistry.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta50,\n\t\t\t\t\t1357\u20131378.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(86)90311-X"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Johnson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson,\n              K.T.M.,\n            \n            \n              Dick,\n              H.J.B.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShimizu,N.\n          (1990)\n          Melting in the oceanic upper mantle: an ion microprobe study of diopsides in abyssal peridotites.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Geophysical Research95,\n\t\t\t\t\t2661\u20132678.","DOI":"10.1029\/JB095iB03p02661"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Juteau1","unstructured":"Juteau,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Berger,\n              E.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCannat,M.\n          (1990)\n          Serpentinized, residual mantle peridotites from the MAR Median Valley, ODP Hole 670A (21\u00b002\u2032W, Leg 109): primary mineralogy and geothermometry.\n\t\t\t\t\tProceedings of Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results106\/109,\n\t\t\t\t\t27\u201345."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Labotka1","unstructured":"Labotka,\n              T.C.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAlbee,A.L.\n          (1979)\n          Serpentinization of the Belvidere Mountain ultramafic body, Vermont: mass balance and reaction at the metasomatic front.\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Mineralogist17,\n\t\t\t\t\t831\u2013845."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Laurent1","unstructured":"Laurent,\n              R.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tH\u00e9bert,Y.\n          (1979)\n          Paragenesis of serpentine assemblages in harzburgite tectonite and dunite cumulate from the Qu\u00e9bec Appalachians.\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Mineralogist17,\n\t\t\t\t\t857\u2013869."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-LeGleuher1","unstructured":"Le Gleuher,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Livi,\n              K.J.T.,\n            \n            \n              Veblen,\n              D.R.,\n            \n            \n              Noack,\n              Y.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAmouric,M.\n          (1990)\n          Serpentinization of enstatite from Pernes, France: reaction microstructures and the role of system openness.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Mineralogist75,\n\t\t\t\t\t813\u2013824."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Lin1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Purdy,\n              G.M.,\n            \n            \n              Schouten,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Semp\u00e9r\u00e9,\n              J.C.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZervas,C.\n          (1990)\n          Evidence from gravity data for focused magmatic accretion along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.\n\t\t\t\t\tNature344,\n\t\t\t\t\t627\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1038\/344627a0"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Macdonald1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macdonald,\n              A.H.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFyfe,W.S.\n          (1985)\n          Rate of serpentinization in seafloor environments.\n\t\t\t\t\tTectonophysics116,\n\t\t\t\t\t123\u2013135.","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(85)90225-2"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Marques1","unstructured":"Marques,\n              A.F.A.\n            \n          \n          (2005)\n          Geology of an ultramafic rock hosted massive sulphide deposit: the Rainbow Vent Field (36\u00b014\u2032N).\n\t\t\t\t\tPh.D. Thesis,\n\t\t\t\t\tLisbon University,\n\t\t\t\t\tLisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Marques2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques,\n              A.F.A.,\n            \n            \n              Barriga,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Chavagnac,\n              V.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFouquet,Y.\n          (2006)\n          Mineralogy, geochemistry and Nd isotope composition of the Rainbow hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge.\n\t\t\t\t\tMineralium Deposita41,\n\t\t\t\t\t52\u201367.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00126-005-0040-8"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Marques3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques,\n              A.F.A.,\n            \n            \n              Barriga,\n              F.J.A.S.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tScott,S.D.\n          (2007)\n          Sulfide mineralization in an ultramafic-rock hosted seafloor hydrothermal system: from serpentinization to the formation of Cu\u2013Zn\u2013(Co)-rich massive sulfides.\n\t\t\t\t\tMarine Geology245,\n\t\t\t\t\t20\u201339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2007.05.007"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Martin1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin,\n              B.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFyfe,W.S.\n          (1970)\n          Some experimental and theoretical observations on the kinetics of hydration reactions with particular reference to serpentinization.\n\t\t\t\t\tChemical Geology6,\n\t\t\t\t\t185\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(70)90018-5"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-McDonough1","unstructured":"McDonough,\n              W.F.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFrey,F.A.\n          (1989)\n          Rare earth elements in upper mantle rocks.\n\t\t\t\t\tInGeochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare-Earth Elements (\n\t\t\t\t\tLipinB.R.&\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMcKay,G.A.eds.). Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy21,\n\t\t\t\t\t99\u2013145."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Melcher1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melcher,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Meisel,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Puhl,\n              J.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKoller,F.\n          (2002)\n          Petrogenesis and geotectonic setting of ultramafic rocks in the Eastern Alps: constraints from geochemistry.\n\t\t\t\t\tLithos65,\n\t\t\t\t\t69\u2013112.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-4937(02)00161-5"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Mellini1","unstructured":"Mellini,\n              M.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZanazzi,P.F.\n          (1987)\n          Crystal structures of lizardite 1T and lizardite 2H1 from Coli, Italy.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Mineralogist72,\n\t\t\t\t\t943\u2013948."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Mellini2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellini,\n              M.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZanazzi,P.F.\n          (1989)\n          Effects of pressure on the structure of lizardite-1T.\n\t\t\t\t\tEuropean Journal of Mineralogy1,\n\t\t\t\t\t13\u201319.","DOI":"10.1127\/ejm\/01\/1\/0013"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Menzies1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menzies,\n              M.A.\n            \n          \n          (1991)\n          Chapter 15: Oceanic peridotites.\n\t\t\t\t\tInOceanic Basalts (\n\t\t\t\t\tFloyd,P.A.ed.).\n\t\t\t\t\tBlackie & Son Ltd.,\n\t\t\t\t\tGlasgow, Scotland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3042-4_15"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Mevel1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9vel,\n              C.\n            \n          \n          (2003)\n          Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites at mid-ocean ridges.\n\t\t\t\t\tComptes Rendus Geoscience335,\n\t\t\t\t\t825\u2013852.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2003.08.006"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Mevel2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9vel,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Cannat,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Gente,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Marion,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Auzende,\n              J.M.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKarson,J.A.\n          (1991)\n          Emplacement of deep crustal and mantle rocks on the west median valley wall of the MARK area (MAR, 23\u00b0N).\n\t\t\t\t\tTectonophysics190,\n\t\t\t\t\t31\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(91)90353-T"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Michael1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael,\n              P.J.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBonatti,E.\n     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Researches23,\n\t\t\t\t\t299\u2013318."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Miura1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miura,\n              Y.,\n            \n            \n              Rucklidge,\n              J.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNord,G.L.,Jr.\n          (1981)\n          The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals.\n\t\t\t\t\tContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology76,\n\t\t\t\t\t17\u201323.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00373679"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Moody1","unstructured":"Moody,\n              J.B.\n            \n          \n          (1976)\n          An experimental study on the serpentinization of iron-bearing olivines.\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Mineralogist14,\n\t\t\t\t\t462\u2013478."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Mottl1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mottl,\n              M.J.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWheat,C.G.\n          (1994)\n          Hydrothermal circulation through mid-ocean 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chrysotile.\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Mineralogist27,\n\t\t\t\t\t483\u2013493."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Parson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parson,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Gr\u00e0cia,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Coller,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              German,\n              C.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNeedham,D.\n          (2000)\n          Second-order segmentation; the relationship between volcanism and tectonism at the MAR, 38\u00b0N - 35\u00b040\u2032N.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Planetary Science Letters178,\n\t\t\t\t\t231\u2013251.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(00)00090-X"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Prichard1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prichard,\n              H.M.\n            \n          \n          (1979)\n          A petrographic study of the process of serpentinization in ophiolites and the ocean crust.\n\t\t\t\t\tContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology68,\n\t\t\t\t\t231\u2013241.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00371544"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Purdy1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purdy,\n              G.M.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDetrick,R.S.\n          (1986)\n          Crustal structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 23\u00b0N from seismic refraction studies.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Geophysical Research91,\n\t\t\t\t\t3739\u20133762.","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB03p03739"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Putnis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putnis,\n              A.\n            \n          \n          (2002)\n          Mineral replacement reactions: from macroscopic observations to microscopic mechanisms.\n\t\t\t\t\tMineralogical Magazine66,\n\t\t\t\t\t689\u2013708.","DOI":"10.1180\/0026461026650056"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Recio1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recio,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Fallick,\n              A.E.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUgidos,J.M.\n          (1992)\n          A stable isotopic (\u03b418O, \u03b4D) study of the late-Hercynian granites and their host-rocks in the Central Iberian Massif (Spain).\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Environmental Science Transactions of Royal Society of Edinburgh83,\n\t\t\t\t\t247\u2013257.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300007938"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-RibeirodaCostaI1","unstructured":"Ribeiro da Costa, I.\n\t\t\t\t\t(2005)Serpentinization on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Rainbow, Saldanha and Menez Hom sites.\n\t\t\t\t\tPh.D. Thesis,\n\t\t\t\t\tLisbon University,\n\t\t\t\t\tLisbon, Portugal.\n\t\t\t\t\t444pp."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-daCosta1","unstructured":"Ribeiro da Costa,\n              I.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBarriga,F.J.A.S.\n          (2010)\n          The upper oceanic mantle below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Azores sector.\n\t\t\t\t\tComunica\u00e7\u00f5es Geol\u00f3gicas97,\n\t\t\t\t\t23\u201334."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-daCosta2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro da Costa,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Jesus,\n              A.P.,\n            \n            \n              Munh\u00e1,\n              J.M.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBarriga,F.J.A.S.\n          (2006)\n          Oxygen barometry of upper mantle beneath the Azores sector of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta70(18S),\n\t\t\t\t\tA124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2006.06.264"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-daCosta3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro da Costa,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Barriga,\n              F.J.A.S.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTaylor,R.N.\n          (2008a)\n          Late seafloor carbonate precipitation in serpentinites from the Rainbow and Saldanha sites (Mid-Atlantic Ridge).\n\t\t\t\t\tEuropean Journal of Mineralogy20,\n\t\t\t\t\t173\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1127\/0935-1221\/2008\/0020-1803"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-daCosta4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro da Costa,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Barriga,\n              F.J.A.S.,\n            \n            \n              Viti,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Mellini,\n              M.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWicks,F.J.\n          (2008b)\n          Antigorite in deformed serpentinites from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.\n\t\t\t\t\tEuropean Journal of Mineralogy20,\n\t\t\t\t\t563\u2013572.","DOI":"10.1127\/0935-1221\/2008\/0020-1808"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Rucklidge1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rucklidge,\n              J.C.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPatterson,G.C.\n          (1977)\n          The role of chlorine in serpentinization.\n\t\t\t\t\tContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology63,\n\t\t\t\t\t39\u201344.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00373568"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Rumori1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rumori,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Mellini,\n              M.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tViti,C.\n          (2004)\n          Oriented, non-topotactic olivine \u2013 serpentine replacement in mesh-textured, serpentinized peridotites.\n\t\t\t\t\tEuropean Journal of Mineralogy16,\n\t\t\t\t\t731\u2013741.","DOI":"10.1127\/0935-1221\/2004\/0016-0731"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Sakai1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakai,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Kusakabe,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Noto,\n              M.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIshii,T.\n          (1990)\n          Origin of waters responsible for serpentinization of the Izu-Ogasawara-Mariana forearc seamounts in view of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Planetary Science Letters100,\n\t\t\t\t\t291\u2013303.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(90)90192-Z"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Sanford1","unstructured":"Sanford,\n              R.F.\n            \n          \n          (1981)\n          Mineralogical and chemical effects of hydration reactions and applications to serpentinization.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Mineralogist66,\n\t\t\t\t\t290\u2013287."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Seyfried1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyfried,\n              W.E.,\n              Jr.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDibble,W.E.,Jr.\n          (1980)\n          Seawater-peridotite interaction at 300\u00b0 and 500 bars: implications for the origin of oceanic serpentinites.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta44,\n\t\t\t\t\t309\u2013321.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(80)90139-8"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Taylor1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor,\n              H.P.,\n              Jr.\n            \n          \n          (1978)\n          Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies of plutonic granitic rocks.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Planetary Science Letters38,\n\t\t\t\t\t177\u2013210.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(78)90131-0"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Thayer1","unstructured":"Thayer,\n              T.P.\n            \n          \n          (1966)\n          Serpentinization considered as a constant-volume metasomatic process.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Mineralogist51,\n\t\t\t\t\t685\u2013710."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Tucholke1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucholke,\n              B.E.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLin,J.\n          (1994)\n          A geological model for the structure of ridge segments in slow-spreading ocean crust.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Geophysical Research99-B,\n\t\t\t\t\t11937\u201311958.","DOI":"10.1029\/94JB00338"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Viti1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viti,\n              C.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMellini,M.\n          (1998)\n          Mesh textures and bastites in the Elba retrograde serpentinites.\n\t\t\t\t\tEuropean Journal of Mineralogy10,\n\t\t\t\t\t1341\u20131359.","DOI":"10.1127\/ejm\/10\/6\/1341"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Viti2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viti,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Mellini,\n              M.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRumori,C.\n          (2005)\n          Exsolution and hydration of pyroxenes from partially serpentinized harzburgites.\n\t\t\t\t\tMineralogical 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Experimentally-determined wetting characteristics of CO2\u2013H2O fluids and their implications for fluid transport, host-rock physical properties, and fluid inclusion formation.\n\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Planetary Science Letters85,\n\t\t\t\t\t497\u2013515."},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Wenner1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenner,\n              D.B.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTaylor,H.P.,Jr.\n          (1971)\n          Temperatures of serpentinization of ultramafic rocks based on 18O\/16O fractionation between coexisting serpentine and magnetite.\n\t\t\t\t\tContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology32,\n\t\t\t\t\t165\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00643332"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Wenner2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenner,\n              D.B.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTaylor,H.P.,Jr.\n          (1973)\n          Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies of serpentinization of ultramafic rocks on oceanic environments and continental ophiolite complexes.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Science273,\n\t\t\t\t\t207\u2013239.","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.273.3.207"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Werner1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner,\n              C.D.\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPilot,J.\n          (1997)\n          Data Report: geochemistry and mineral chemistry of ultramafic rocks from the Kane area (MARK).\n\t\t\t\t\tProceedings of Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results153,\n\t\t\t\t\t457\u2013470.","DOI":"10.2973\/odp.proc.sr.153.018.1997"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-White1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White,\n              R.S.,\n            \n            \n              Detrick,\n              R.S.,\n            \n            \n              Sinha,\n              M.C.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCormier,M.H.\n          (1984)\n          Anomalous seismic crustal structure of oceanic fracture zones.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society79,\n\t\t\t\t\t779\u2013798.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1984.tb02868.x"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-White2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White,\n              R.S.,\n            \n            \n              Minshull,\n              T.A.,\n            \n            \n              Bickle,\n              M.J.,\n            &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRobinson,C.J.\n          (2001)\n          Melt generation at very slow-spreading oceanic ridges: constraints from geochemical and geophysical data.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Petrology42,\n\t\t\t\t\t1171\u20131196.","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/42.6.1171"},{"key":"2019101713314721900_i1499-1276-57-5-677-Wicks1","unstructured":"Wicks,\n              F.J.\n            \n          \n          (1984a)\n          Deformation histories as recorded by serpentinites. 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