{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T09:06:32Z","timestamp":1774343192006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,1]],"date-time":"1995-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":788918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,1]],"date-time":"1995-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":788918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Memory & Cognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/bf03210554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T11:30:58Z","timestamp":1295695858000},"page":"23-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lexical factors in the word-superiority effect"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Caplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Sokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Torreano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF03210554_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(79)90008-2","volume":"11","author":"M. J. Adams","year":"1979","unstructured":"Adams, M. J. (1979). Models of word recognition.Cognitive Psychology,11, 133\u2013176.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90012-1","volume":"4","author":"J. Baron","year":"1973","unstructured":"Baron, J., &Thurston, I. (1973). An analysis of the word superiority effect.Cognitive Psychology,4, 207\u2013228.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4213.003.0013","volume-title":"Lexical representation and process","author":"D. Besner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Besner, D., &Johnston, J. C. (1989). Reading and the mental lexicon: On the uptake of visual information. In W. Marslen-Wilson (Ed.),Lexical representation and process (pp. 291\u2013316). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"BF03210554_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caplan, D. (1993, January). Toward a psycholinguistic approach to acquired neurogenic language disorders.American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, pp. 59\u201383.","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360.0201.59"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.104.2.122","volume":"104","author":"W. K. Estes","year":"1975","unstructured":"Estes, W. K. (1975). The locus of inferential and perceptual processes in letter identification.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,104, 122\u2013145.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR6","volume-title":"Statistical analysis in psychology and education","author":"G. A. Ferguson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ferguson, G. A. (1981).Statistical analysis in psychology and education. New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"BF03210554_CR7","volume-title":"Frequency analysis of English usage","author":"W. N. Francis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Francis, W. N., &Ku\u010dcera, H. (1982).Frequency analysis of English usage. Boston: Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"BF03210554_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204346","volume":"28","author":"L. Henderson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Henderson, L. (1980). Is there a lexicality component in the word superiority effect?Perception & Psychophysics,28, 179\u2013184.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR9","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, N. (in press). The Reicher-Wheeler effect and models of deep and phonological dyslexia.Journal of Neurolinguistics."},{"key":"BF03210554_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00045684","volume":"8","author":"G. W. Humphreys","year":"1985","unstructured":"Humphreys, G. W., &Evett, L. J. (1985). Are there independent lexical and non-lexical routes in word processing? An evaluation of the dual route theory of reading.Behavioral & Brain Sciences,8, 689\u2013740.","journal-title":"Behavioral & Brain Sciences"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212406","volume":"14","author":"J. C. Johnston","year":"1973","unstructured":"Johnston, J. C., &McClelland, J. L. (1973). Visual factors in word perception.Perception & Psychophysics,14, 365\u2013370.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03336725","volume":"4","author":"J. F. Juola","year":"1974","unstructured":"Juola, J. F., Leavitt, D. D., &Choe, C. S. (1974). Letter identification in word, nonword, and single-letter displays.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,4, 278\u2013280.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(83)90015-X","volume":"13","author":"M. C. Linebarger","year":"1983","unstructured":"Linebarger, M. C., Schwartz, M. F., &Saffran, E. M. (1983). Sensitivity to grammatical structure in so-called agrammatic aphasics.Cogntition,13, 361\u2013392.","journal-title":"Cogntition"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR14","volume-title":"Detection theory: A user's guide","author":"N. A. Macmillan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Macmillan, N. A., &Creelman, C. D. (1991).Detection theory: A user's guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"BF03210554_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203272","volume":"16","author":"L. Manelis","year":"1974","unstructured":"Manelis, L. (1974). The effect of meaningfulness in tachistoscopic word perception.Perception & Psychophysics,16, 182\u2013192.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309276","volume":"48","author":"F. M. Marchetti","year":"1986","unstructured":"Marchetti, F. M., &Mewhort, D. J. K. (1986). On the word-superiority effect.Psychological Research,48, 23\u201335.","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(79)90033-7","volume":"43","author":"D. W. Massaro","year":"1979","unstructured":"Massaro, D. W., &Klitzke, D. (1979). The role of lateral masking and orthographic structure in letter and word recognition.Acta Psychologica,43, 413\u2013426.","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR18","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Visual processes in reading and reading disabilities","author":"D. W. Massaro","year":"1993","unstructured":"Massaro, D. W., &Sanocki, T. (1993). Visual information processing in reading. In D. M. Willows, R. S. Kruk, & E. Corcos (Eds.),Visual processes in reading and reading disabilities (pp. 139\u2013161). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"BF03210554_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199687","volume":"22","author":"J. L. McClelland","year":"1977","unstructured":"McClelland, J. L., &Johnston, J. C. (1977). The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords.Perception & Psychophysics,22, 249\u2013261.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR20","volume-title":"Surface dyslexia","author":"K. E. Patterson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C., &Coltheart, M. (Eds.) (1985).Surface dyslexia. London: Erlbaum."},{"key":"BF03210554_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211643","volume":"51","author":"W. Prinzmetal","year":"1992","unstructured":"Prinzmetal, W. (1992). The word-superiority effect does not require a T-scope.Perception & Psychophysics,51, 473\u2013484.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207601","volume":"55","author":"W. Prinzmetal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Prinzmetal, W., &Silvers, B. (1994). The word without the tachistoscope.Perception & Psychophysics,55, 296\u2013312.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027768","volume":"81","author":"G. M. Reicher","year":"1969","unstructured":"Reicher, G. M. (1969). Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material.Journal of Experimental Psychology,81, 275\u2013280.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.1.60","volume":"89","author":"D. E. Rumelhart","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rumelhart, D. E., &McClelland, J. L. (1982). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 2. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model.Psychological Review,89, 60\u201394.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203833","volume":"20","author":"W. Schneider","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schneider, W. (1988). Micro Experimental Laboratory: An integrated system for IBM PC compatibles.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,20, 206\u2013217.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.523","volume":"96","author":"M. S. Seidenberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"Seidenberg, M. S., &McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming.Psychological Review,96, 523\u2013568.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03201669","volume":"12","author":"R. L. Solso","year":"1980","unstructured":"Solso, R. L., &Juel, C. L. (1980). Positional frequency and versatility of bigrams for two- through nine-letter English words.Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation,12, 297\u2013343.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR28","first-page":"21","volume":"104","author":"K. T. Spoehr","year":"1975","unstructured":"Spoehr, K. T., &Smith, E. E. (1975). The role of orthographic and phonotactic rules in perceiving letter patterns.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,104, 21\u201334.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198326","volume":"13","author":"G. S. Waters","year":"1985","unstructured":"Waters, G. S., &Seidenberg, M. S. (1985). Spelling-sound effects in reading: Time-course and decision criteria.Memory & Cognition,13, 557\u2013572.","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"BF03210554_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(70)90005-8","volume":"1","author":"D. D. Wheeler","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wheeler, D. D. (1970). Processes in word recognition.Cognitive Psychology,1, 59\u201385.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"}],"container-title":["Memory & Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03210554.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/BF03210554\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03210554","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03210554.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T09:02:28Z","timestamp":1727859748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/BF03210554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF03210554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03210554","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-502X","1532-5946"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-502X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-5946","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 1994","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 1994","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 January 1995","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}