{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:19:11Z","timestamp":1759033151155},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,1]],"date-time":"1995-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":817776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychon Bull Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/bf03210987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T11:53:18Z","timestamp":1295697198000},"page":"515-526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dyslexia and a temporal processing deficit: A reply to the commentaries"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Raymond M.","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Farmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF03210987_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(88)90061-9","volume":"26","author":"D. M. Aram","year":"1988","unstructured":"Aram, D. M., &Ekelman, B. L. (1988). Auditory temporal perception of children with left or right brain lesions.Neuropsychologia,26, 931\u2013935.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(79)90066-3","volume":"27","author":"J. L. Arnett","year":"1979","unstructured":"Arnett, J. L., &DiLollo, V. (1979). Visual information processing in relation to age and to reading ability.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,27, 143\u2013152.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.1.52","volume":"87","author":"B. G. Breitmeyer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Breitmeyer, B. G. (1980). Unmasking visual masking: A look at the \u201cwhy\u201d behind the veil of the \u201chow.\u201dPsychological Review,87, 52\u201369.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90003-E","volume":"47","author":"A. Castles","year":"1993","unstructured":"Castles, A., &Coltheart, M. (1993). Varieties of developmental dyslexia.Cognition,47, 149\u2013180.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)98728-R","volume":"35","author":"P. Cornelissen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cornelissen, P., Richardson, A., Mason, A., Fowler, S., &Stein, J. (1995). Contrast sensitivity and coherent motion detection measured at photopic luminance in dyslexics and controls.Vision Research,35, 1483\u20131494.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.9.6.923","volume":"9","author":"V. DiLollo","year":"1983","unstructured":"DiLollo, V., Hanson, D., &McIntyre, J. S. (1983). Initial stages of visual information processing in dyslexia.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,9, 923\u2013935.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR7","unstructured":"Edwards, V. T.,Hogben, J. H.,Clark, C. D., &Pratt, C. (in press). Effects of a red background on magnocellular functioning in average and specifically reading disabled readers.Vision Research."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR8","unstructured":"Farmer, M. E. (1993).A comparison of the sequential processing abilities of dyslexic and normal readers, using visual and auditory tasks. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Dalhousie University."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR9","series-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Temporal information processing in the nervous system: Special reference to dyslexia and dysphasia","author":"M. E. Farmer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Farmer, M. E., &Klein, R. (1993). Auditory and visual temporal processing in dyslexic and normal readers. In P. Tallal, A. M. Galabarda, R. R. Llinas, & C. von Euler (Eds.),Temporal information processing in the nervous system: Special reference to dyslexia and dysphasia (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 682, pp. 339\u2013341). New York: New York Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210983","volume":"2","author":"M. E. Farmer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Farmer, M. E., &Klein, R. M. (1995). The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,2, 460\u2013493.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198705143162003","volume":"316","author":"G. Geiger","year":"1987","unstructured":"Geiger, G., &Lettvin, J. Y. (1987). Peripheral vision in persons with dyslexia.New England Journal of Medicine,316, 1238\u20131243.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR12","first-page":"401","volume":"32","author":"J. J. Godfrey","year":"1981","unstructured":"Godfrey, J. J., Syrdal-Lasky, A. K., Millay, K. K., &Knox, C. M. (1981). Performance of dyslexic children on speech perception tests.Journal of Experimental Psychology,32, 401\u2013424.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2307\/1423322","volume":"103","author":"P. Goolkasian","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goolkasian, P., &King, J. (1990). Letter identification and lateral masking in dyslexic and average readers.American Journal of Psychology,103, 519\u2013538.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045283","volume":"62","author":"I. J. Hirsh","year":"1961","unstructured":"Hirsh, I. J., &Sherrick, C. E., Jr. (1961). Perceived order in different sense modalities.Journal of Experimental Psychology,62, 423\u2013432.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR15","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Eye movements in reading","author":"J. Hy\u00f6n\u00e4","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hy\u00f6n\u00e4, J., &Olson, R. K. (1994). Dyslexic and normal readers\u2019 eye movement patterns in reading, visual search, and tracking. In J. Ygge & G. Lennerstrand (Eds.), Eye movements in reading (pp. 233\u2013244). Oxford: Pergamon Press."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR16","unstructured":"Hy\u00f6n\u00e4, J., &Olson, R. K. (in press). Eye fixation patterns among dyslexic and normal readers: Effects of word length and word frequency.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397963","volume":"85","author":"P. W. Jusczyk","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jusczyk, P. W., Rosner, B. S., Reed, M. A., &Kennedy, L. J. (1989). Could temporal order differences underlie 2-month-olds\u2019 discrimination of English voicing contrasts?Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,85, 1741\u20131749.","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14960.x","volume":"33","author":"M. Kinsbourne","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kinsbourne, M., Rufo, D. T., Gamzu, E., Palmer, R. L., &Berliner, A. K. (1991). Neuropsychological deficits in adults with dyslexia.Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,33, 763\u2013775.","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203112","volume":"47","author":"R. M. Klein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Klein, R. M., Berry, G., Briand, K., D\u2019Entremont, B., &Farmer, M. [E.] (1990). Letter identification declines with increasing retinal eccentricity at the same rate for normal and dyslexic readers.Perception & Psychophysics,47, 601\u2013606.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR20","unstructured":"Klein, R. M., &McMullen, P. (in press).Converging methods for understanding reading and dyslexia. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR21","unstructured":"Kuhl, P. K. (1992, September).The perception of speech by infants: What is given by nature, what is gained by experience. Paper presented at the New York Academy of Sciences\/Rodin Remediation Academy Conference, New York."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304083281402","volume":"382","author":"S. Lehmkuhle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lehmkuhle, S., Garzia, R. P., Turner, L., Hash, T., &Baro, J. A. (1993). A defective visual pathway in children with reading disability.New England Journal of Medicine,382, 989\u2013996.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-11-03416.1987","volume":"7","author":"M. S. Livingstone","year":"1987","unstructured":"Livingstone, M. S., &Hubel, D. H. (1987). Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth.Journal of Neuroscience,7, 3416\u20133468.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943","volume":"88","author":"M. S. Livingstone","year":"1991","unstructured":"Livingstone, M. S., Rosen, G. D., Drislane, F. W., &Galaburda, A. M. (1991). Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,88, 7943\u20137947.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/02643298608252677","volume":"3","author":"W. J. Lovegrove","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lovegrove, W. J., Martin, F., &Slaghuis, W. (1986). A theoretical and experimental case for a visual deficit in specific reading disability.Cognitive Neuropsychology,3, 225\u2013267.","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210984","volume":"2","author":"R. C. Martin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Martin, R. C. (1995). Heterogeneity of deficits in developmental dyslexia and implications for methodology.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,2, 494\u2013500.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203972","volume":"17","author":"G. W. McConkie","year":"1975","unstructured":"McConkie, G. W., &Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading.Perception & Psychophysics,17, 578\u2013586.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mody, M. (1993).Bases of reading impairment in speech perception: A deficit in rate of auditory processing or in phonological coding? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406283"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR29","unstructured":"Mody, M.,Studdert-Kennedy, M., &Brady, S. (1995).Speech perception deficits in poor readers: Auditory processing of phonological coding? Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(85)80006-0","volume":"8","author":"D. L. Molfese","year":"1985","unstructured":"Molfese, D. L., &Molfese, V. J. (1985). Electrophysical indices of auditory discrimination in newborn infants: The bases for predicting later language development?Infant Behavior & Development,8, 197\u2013211.","journal-title":"Infant Behavior & Development"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(81)90044-0","volume":"19","author":"G. T. Pavlidis","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pavlidis, G. T. (1981). Do eye movements hold the key to dyslexia?Neuropsychologia,19, 57\u201364.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198512000-00003","volume":"62","author":"G. T. Pavlidis","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pavlidis, G. T. (1985). Eye movement differences between dyslexic, normal, and retarded readers while sequentially fixating digits.American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics,62, 820\u2013832.","journal-title":"American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03334651","volume":"27","author":"A. R. Perry","year":"1989","unstructured":"Perry, A. R., Dember, W. N., Warm, J. S., &Sacks, J. G. (1989). Letter identification in normal and dyslexic readers: A verification.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,27, 445\u2013448.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR34","volume-title":"Chronometric explorations of mind","author":"M. I. Posner","year":"1978","unstructured":"Posner, M. I. (1978).Chronometric explorations of mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/02643298908253288","volume":"6","author":"K. Rayner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Murphy, L. A., Henderson, J. M., &Pollatsek, A. (1989). Selective attentional dyslexia.Cognitive Neuropsychology,6, 357\u2013378.","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210985","volume":"2","author":"K. Rayner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., &Bilsky, A. B. (1995). Can a temporal processing deficit account for dyslexia?Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,2, 501\u2013507.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(89)90006-4","volume":"48","author":"M. A. Reed","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reed, M. A. (1989). Speech perception and the discrimination of brief auditory cues in reading disabled children.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,48, 270\u2013292.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300205","volume":"23","author":"K. L. Shapiro","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shapiro, K. L., Ogden, N., &Lind-Blad, F. (1990). Temporal processing in dyslexia.Journal of Learning Disabilities,23, 99\u2013107.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520440053021","volume":"46","author":"G. A. Stefanatos","year":"1989","unstructured":"Stefanatos, G. A., Green, G. G. R., &Ratcliff, G. G. (1989). Neurophysiological evidence of auditory channel anomalies in developmental dysphasia.Archives of Neurology,46, 871\u2013875.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3501.192","volume":"35","author":"M. L. Steffens","year":"1992","unstructured":"Steffens, M. L., Eilers, R., Gross-Glenn, K., &Jallad, B. (1992). Speech perception in adult subjects with familial dyslexia.Journal of Speech & Hearing Research,35, 192\u2013200.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech & Hearing Research"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1995.1015","volume":"48","author":"M. Steinschneider","year":"1995","unstructured":"Steinschneider, M., Schroeder, C. E., Arezzo, J. C., &Vaughan, H. G. (1995). Physiologic correlates of the voice onset time boundary in primary auditory cortex (A1) of the awake monkey: Temporal response patterns.Brain & Language,48, 326\u2013340.","journal-title":"Brain & Language"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR42","unstructured":"Stuart, A. (1994).A visual transient system deficit in developmental dyslexia: Psychophysical, visuospatial, electrophysiological, and anatomical evidence. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"BF03210987_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210986","volume":"2","author":"M. Studdert-Kennedy","year":"1995","unstructured":"Studdert-Kennedy, M., &Mody, M. (1995). Auditory temporal perception deficits in the reading impaired: A critical review of the evidence.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,2, 508\u2013514.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(80)90139-X","volume":"9","author":"P. Tallal","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tallal, P. (1980). Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children.Brain & Language,9, 182\u2013198.","journal-title":"Brain & Language"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(78)90003-2","volume":"5","author":"P. Tallal","year":"1978","unstructured":"Tallal, P., &Newcombe, F. (1978). Impairment of auditory perception and language comprehension in dysphasia.Brain & Language,5, 13\u201324.","journal-title":"Brain & Language"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(73)90025-0","volume":"11","author":"P. Tallal","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tallal, P., &Piercy, M. (1973). Developmental aphasia: Impaired rate of non-verbal processing as a function of sensory modality.Neuropsychologia,11, 389\u2013398.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00354968","volume":"3","author":"P. Tallal","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tallal, P., Sainburg, R. L., &Jernigan, T. (1991). The neuropathology of developmental dysphasia: Behavioral, morphological, and physiological evidence for a pervasive temporal processing disorder.Reading & Writing,3, 363\u2013377.","journal-title":"Reading & Writing"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5","volume":"12","author":"A. Treisman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Treisman, A., &Gelade, G. (1980). A feature integration theory of attention.Cognitive Psychology,12, 97\u2013136.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2307\/747956","volume":"21","author":"N. R. Underwood","year":"1986","unstructured":"Underwood, N. R., &Zola, D. (1986). The span of letter recognition of good and poor readers.Reading Research Quarterly,21, 6\u201319.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3604.850","volume":"36","author":"B. U. Watson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Watson, B. U., &Miller, T. K. (1993). Auditory perception, phonological processing, and reading ability\/disability.Journal of Speech & Hearing Research,36, 850\u2013863.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech & Hearing Research"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR51","first-page":"54","volume":"77","author":"J. Werker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Werker, J. (1989). Becoming a native listener.American Scientist,77, 54\u201359.","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"BF03210987_CR52","first-page":"111","volume":"61","author":"M. Williams","year":"1990","unstructured":"Williams, M., &LeCluyse, K. (1990). Perceptual consequences of a temporal processing deficit in reading disabled children.Journal of the American Optometric Association,61, 111\u2013121.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"}],"container-title":["Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03210987.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/BF03210987\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03210987","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1637187593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/BF03210987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BF03210987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03210987","relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-9384","1531-5320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-9384","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}}}