{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:56:26Z","timestamp":1789570586110,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]],"date-time":"1995-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":804556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perception & Psychophysics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/bf03213268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T01:32:07Z","timestamp":1296523927000},"page":"629-636","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["The perception of surface orientation from multiple sources of optical information"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Farley Norman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flip","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF03213268_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/343165a0","volume":"343","author":"A. Blake","year":"1990","unstructured":"Blake, A., &B\u00fclthoff, H. (1990). Does the brain know the physics of specular reflection?Nature,343, 165\u2013168.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1991.0012","volume":"331","author":"A. Blake","year":"1991","unstructured":"Blake, A., &B\u00fclthoff, H. (1991). Shape from specularities: Computation and psychophysics.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B,331, 237\u2013252.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.5.001749","volume":"5","author":"H. H. B\u00fclthoff","year":"1988","unstructured":"B\u00fclthoff, H. H., &Mallot, H. A. (1988). Integration of depth modules: Stereo and shading.Journal of the Optical Society of America A,5, 1749\u20131758.","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1990.139606","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computer Vision","author":"R. Cipolla","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cipolla, R., &Blake, A. (1990). The dynamic analysis of apparent contours. InProceedings of the Third International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 616\u2013623). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205268","volume":"54","author":"R. G. F. Erens","year":"1993","unstructured":"Erens, R. G. F., Kappers, A. M. L., &Koenderink, J. J. (1993a). Estimating local shape from shading in the presence of global shading.Perception & Psychophysics,54, 334\u2013342.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211750","volume":"54","author":"R. G. F. Erens","year":"1993","unstructured":"Erens, R. G. F., Kappers, A. M. L., &Koenderink, J. J. (1993b). Perception of local shape from shading.Perception & Psychophysics,54, 145\u2013156.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR7","unstructured":"Giblin, P., & Weiss, R. (1987). Reconstruction of surfaces from profiles. InProceedings of the IEEE First International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 136-144). IEEE Computer Society Press."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR8","volume-title":"Shape from shading","author":"B. K. P. Horn","year":"1989","unstructured":"Horn, B. K. P., &Brooks, M. J. (1989).Shape from shading. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90024-2","volume":"17","author":"B. K. P. Horn","year":"1981","unstructured":"Horn, B. K. P., &Schunck, B. G. (1981). Determining optical flow.Artificial Intelligence,17, 185\u2013203.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90023-0","volume":"17","author":"K. Ikeuchi","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ikeuchi, K., &Horn, B. K. P. (1981). Numerical shape from shading and occluding boundaries.Artificial Intelligence,17, 141\u2013184.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1068\/p230169","volume":"23","author":"A. Johnston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnston, A., &Passmore, P. J. (1994a). Shape from shading: I. Surface curvature and orientation.Perception,23, 169\u2013190.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1068\/p230191","volume":"23","author":"A. Johnston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnston, A., &Passmore, P. J. (1994b). Shape from shading: II. Geodesic bisection and alignment.Perception,23, 191\u2013200.Koenderink, J. J., Kappers, A. M. L., Todd, J. T., Norman, J. F., & Phillips, F. (in press). Surface range and attitude probing in stereoscopically presented dynamic scenes.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1080\/713820338","volume":"27","author":"J. J. Koenderink","year":"1980","unstructured":"Koenderink, J. J., &van Doorn, A. J. (1980). Photometric invariants related to solid shape.Optica Acta,27, 981\u2013996.","journal-title":"Optica Acta"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR14","unstructured":"Koenderink, J. J., & van Doorn, A. J. (in press). Relief: Pictorial and otherwise. Proceedings of the 5th British Machine Vision Conference."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206710","volume":"52","author":"J. J. Koenderink","year":"1992","unstructured":"Koenderink, J. J., van Doorn, A. J., &Kappers, A. M. L. (1992). Surface perception in pictures.Perception & Psychophysics,52, 487\u2013496.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1068\/p230583","volume":"23","author":"J. J. Koenderink","year":"1994","unstructured":"Koenderink, J. J., van Doorn, A. J., &Kappers, A. M. L. (1994). On so-called \u201cparadoxical monocular stereoscopy.\u201dPerception,23, 583\u2013594.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR17","unstructured":"Koenderink, J. J., van Doorn, A. J., & Kappers, A. M. L. (in press). Depth relief.Perception."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR18","volume-title":"Vision","author":"D. Marr","year":"1982","unstructured":"Marr, D. (1982).Vision. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00342882","volume":"53","author":"E. Mingolla","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mingolla, E., &Todd, J. T. (1986). Perception of solid shape from shading.Biological Cybernetics,53, 137\u2013151.","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR20","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing","author":"H.-H. Nagel","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nagel, H.-H. (1981). On the derivation of 3D rigid point configurations from image sequences. InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing (pp. 103\u2013108). New York: IEEE Computer Society Press."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90041-5","volume":"33","author":"H.-H. Nagel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nagel, H.-H. (1987). On the estimation of optical flow: Relations between different approaches and some new results.Artificial Intelligence,33, 299\u2013234.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.20.2.343","volume":"20","author":"J. F. Norman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Norman, J. F., &Todd, J. T. (1994). Perception of rigid motion in depth from the optical deformations of shadows and occlusion boundaries.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,20, 343\u2013356.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR23","unstructured":"Norman, J. F., Todd, J. T., Perotti, V. J., & Tittle, J. S. (in press). The visual perception of 3D length.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/34.93807","volume":"13","author":"A. Pentland","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pentland, A. (1991). Photometric motion.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence,13, 879\u2013890.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR25","unstructured":"Tittle, J. S., Todd, J. T., Perotti, V. J., & Norman, J. F. (in press). The systematic distortion of perceived 3-D structure from motion and binocular stereopsis.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.11.6.689","volume":"11","author":"J. T. Todd","year":"1985","unstructured":"Todd, J. T. (1985). Perception of structure from motion: Is projective correspondence of moving elements a necessary condition? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,11, 689\u2013710.","journal-title":"ournal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR27","unstructured":"Todd, J. T., Koenderink, J. J., van Doorn, A. J., & Kappers, A. M. L. (in press). Effects of changing viewing conditions on the perceived structure of smoothly curved surfaces.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.9.4.583","volume":"9","author":"J. T. Todd","year":"1983","unstructured":"Todd, J. T., &Mingolla, E. (1983). The perception of surface curvature and direction of illumination from patterns of shading.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,9, 583\u2013595.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.10.5.734","volume":"10","author":"J. T. Todd","year":"1984","unstructured":"Todd, J. T., &Mingolla, E. (1984). The simulation of curved surfaces from patterns of optical texture.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,10, 734\u2013739.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207535","volume":"50","author":"J. T. Todd","year":"1991","unstructured":"Todd, J. T., &Norman, J. F. (1991). The visual perception of smoothly curved surfaces from minimal apparent motion sequences.Perception & Psychophysics,50, 509\u2013523.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"BF03213268_CR31","unstructured":"Todd, J. T., & Norman, J. F. (in press). The visual discrimination of relative surface orientation.Perception."},{"key":"BF03213268_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.643","volume":"96","author":"J. T. Todd","year":"1989","unstructured":"Todd, J. T., &Reichel, F. D. (1989). Ordinal structure in the visual perception and cognition of smoothly curved surfaces.Psychological Review,96, 643\u2013657.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"}],"container-title":["Perception & Psychophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03213268.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/BF03213268\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/BF03213268","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T06:07:47Z","timestamp":1572847667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/BF03213268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BF03213268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03213268","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-5117","1532-5962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-5117","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-5962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}}}