{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T12:52:53Z","timestamp":1783601573352,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/pbr.17.3.412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,15]],"date-time":"2010-06-15T19:34:17Z","timestamp":1276630457000},"page":"412-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Suboptimal choice behavior by pigeons"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jessica P.","family":"Stagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Zentall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"170300412_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1994.62-353","volume":"62","author":"T. W. Belke","year":"1994","unstructured":"Belke, T. W., & Spetch, M. L. (1994). Choice between reliable and unreliable reinforcement alternatives revisited: Preference for unreliable reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62, 353\u2013366.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"170300412_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00017969","volume":"6","author":"J. A. Dinsmoor","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dinsmoor, J. A. (1983). Observing and conditioned reinforcement. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 6, 693\u2013728.","journal-title":"Behavioral & Brain Sciences"},{"key":"170300412_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1979.32-335","volume":"32","author":"E. Fantino","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fantino, E., Dunn, R., & Meck, W. (1979). Percentage reinforcement and choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 32, 335\u2013340.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"170300412_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3758\/LB.37.4.289","volume":"37","author":"C. D. Gipson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gipson, C. D., Alessandri, J. J. D., Miller, H. C., & Zentall, T. R. (2009). Preference for 50% reinforcement over 75% reinforcement by pigeons. Learning & Behavior, 37, 289\u2013298.","journal-title":"Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"170300412_CR5","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Autoshaping and conditioning theory","author":"H. M. Jenkins","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jenkins, H. M., Barnes, R. A., & Barrera, F. J. (1981). Why auto-shaping depends on trial spacing. In C. M. Locurto, H. S. Terrace, & J. Gibbon (Eds.), Autoshaping and conditioning theory (pp. 255\u2013284). New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"170300412_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1996.66-63","volume":"66","author":"J. E. Mazur","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mazur, J. E. (1996). Choice with certain and uncertain reinforcers in an adjusting delay procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 66, 63\u201373.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"170300412_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1006\/lmot.1999.1030","volume":"30","author":"K. L. Roper","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roper, K. L., & Zentall, T. R. (1999). Observing behavior in pigeons: The effect of reinforcement probability and response cost using a symmetrical choice procedure. Learning & Motivation, 30, 201\u2013220.","journal-title":"Learning & Motivation"},{"key":"170300412_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1990.53-219","volume":"53","author":"M. L. Spetch","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spetch, M. L., Belke, T. W., Barnet, R. C., Dunn, R., & Pierce, W. D. (1990). Suboptimal choice in a percentage-reinforcement procedure: Effects of signal condition and terminal link length. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 219\u2013234.","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"170300412_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209832","volume":"22","author":"M. L. Spetch","year":"1994","unstructured":"Spetch, M. L., Mondloch, M. V., Belke, T. W., & Dunn, R. (1994). Determinants of pigeons\u2019 choice between certain and probabilistic outcomes. Animal Learning & Behavior, 22, 239\u2013251.","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"170300412_CR10","volume-title":"Foraging theory","author":"D. W. Stephens","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stephens, D. W., & Krebs, J. R. (1986). Foraging theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"170300412_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/h0053932","volume":"59","author":"L. B. Wyckoff","year":"1952","unstructured":"Wyckoff, L. B., Jr. (1952). The role of observing responses in discrimination learning: Part I. Psychological Review, 59, 431\u2013442.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"}],"container-title":["Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/PBR.17.3.412.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/PBR.17.3.412\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/PBR.17.3.412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T11:22:18Z","timestamp":1572866538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/PBR.17.3.412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["170300412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/pbr.17.3.412","relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-9384","1531-5320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-9384","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}}}