{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:18:56Z","timestamp":1790270336308,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atten Percept Psychophys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-024-03001-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T17:45:54Z","timestamp":1736876754000},"page":"531-544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of hearing experience on preschool-aged children\u2019s eye gaze to a talker during spoken language processing"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8699-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina M.","family":"Grieco-Calub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousaf","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina M.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex E.","family":"Clain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"38","key":"3001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1997.2558","volume":"38","author":"PD Allopenna","year":"1998","unstructured":"Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998). Tracking the time course of spoken word recognition using eye movements: Evidence for continuous mapping models. Journal of Memory and Language, 38(38), 419\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jmla.1997.2558","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"3001_CR2","unstructured":"Boersma, P. (2001). Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International, 5(9\/10), 341\u2013345."},{"issue":"4","key":"3001_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20032","volume":"45","author":"D Burnham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burnham, D., & Dodd, B. (2004). Auditory-visual speech integration by prelinguistic infants: Perception of an emergent consonant in the McGurk effect. Developmental Psychobiology, 45(4), 204\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.20032","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3001_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1166214","volume":"63","author":"M Carpenter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., Tomasello, M., Butterworth, G., & Moore, C. (1998). Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63(4), 1\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1166214","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"3001_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-L-13-0262","volume":"57","author":"I Cejas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cejas, I., Barker, D. H., Quittner, A. L., & Niparko, J. K. (2014). Development of joint engagement in young deaf and hearing children: Effects of chronological age and language skills. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(5), 1831\u20131841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-L-13-0262","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"3001_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C. H., Castellanos, I., Yu, C., & Houston, D. M. (2020). What leads to coordinated attention in parent\u2013toddler interactions? Children\u2019s hearing status matters.\u00a0Developmental Science,\u00a023(3), Article e12919.","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12919"},{"issue":"1711","key":"3001_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0055","volume":"372","author":"EM Clerkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clerkin, E. M., Hart, E., Rehg, J. M., Yu, C., & Smith, L. B. (2017). Real-world visual statistics and infants\u2019 first-learned object names. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 372(1711), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0055","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1997.2379","volume":"66","author":"RN Desjardins","year":"1997","unstructured":"Desjardins, R. N., Rogers, J., & Werker, J. F. (1997). An exploration of why preschoolers perform differently than do adults in audiovisual speech perception tasks. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 66(1), 85\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jecp.1997.2379","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"18","key":"3001_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00437-9","volume":"38","author":"V Dobson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dobson, V., Brown, A. M., Harvey, E. M., & Narter, D. B. (1998). Visual field extent in children 3.5\u201330 months of age tested with a double-arc LED perimeter. Vision Research, 38(18), 2743\u20132760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00437-9","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"3001_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodd, B. (1979). Lip reading in infants: attention to speech presented in- and out-of-synchrony. Cognitive Psychology, 11(4), 478\u2013484. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/487747","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(79)90021-5"},{"issue":"7","key":"3001_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195753","volume":"29","author":"G Doherty-Sneddon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Doherty-Sneddon, G., Bonner, L., & Bruce, V. (2001). Cognitive demands of face monitoring: Evidence for visuospatial overload. Memory & Cognition, 29(7), 909\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03195753","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"3001_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (2007). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2013Fourth Edition (PPVT-4). Pearson.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15144-000"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1202.423","volume":"12","author":"NP Erber","year":"1969","unstructured":"Erber, N. P. (1969). Interaction of audition and vision in the recognition of oral speech stimuli. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 12(2), 423\u2013425.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000917000174","volume":"45","author":"D Erdener","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erdener, D., & Burnham, D. (2018). Auditory\u2013visual speech perception in three-and four-year-olds and its relationship to perceptual attunement and receptive vocabulary. Journal of Child Language, 45(2), 273\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0305000917000174","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01692.x","volume":"83","author":"A Fernald","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fernald, A., & Marchman, V. A. (2012). Individual differences in lexical processing at 18 months predict vocabulary growth in typically developing and late-talking toddlers. Child Development, 83(1), 203\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01692.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00044","volume":"9","author":"A Fernald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fernald, A., Pinto, J. P., Swingley, D., Weinberg, A., & McRoberts, G. W. (1998). Rapid gains in speed of verbal processing by infants in the 2nd year. Psychological Science, 9(3), 228\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9280.00044","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"3001_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fernald, A., Zangl, R., Portillo, A. L., & Marchman, V. A. (2008). Looking while listening: Using eye movements to monitor spoken language. In I. A. Sekerina, E. M. Fern\u00e1ndez, & H. Clahsen (Eds.),\u00a0Developmental psycholinguistics: On-line methods in children's language processing\u00a0(pp. 97\u2013135). John Benjamins Publishing Company.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/lald.44.06fer","DOI":"10.1075\/lald.44.06fer"},{"issue":"6","key":"3001_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2010.02.005","volume":"52","author":"M Fort","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fort, M., Spinelli, E., Savariaux, C., & Kandel, S. (2010). The word superiority effect in audiovisual speech perception. Speech Communication, 52(6), 525\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.specom.2010.02.005","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000916000209","volume":"44","author":"MC Frank","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frank, M. C., Braginsky, M., Yurovsky, D., & Marchman, V. A. (2017). Wordbank: An open repository for developmental vocabulary data. Journal of Child Language, 44(3), 677\u2013694.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"issue":"12","key":"3001_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00196","volume":"64","author":"L Gijbels","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gijbels, L., Yeatman, J. D., Lalonde, K., & Lee, A. K. C. (2021). Audiovisual speech processing in relationship to phonological and vocabulary skills in first graders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(12), 5022\u20135040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00196","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"3001_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.08.012","volume":"343","author":"H Glick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glick, H., & Sharma, A. (2017). Cross-modal plasticity in developmental and age-related hearing loss: Clinical implications. Hearing Research, 343, 191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2016.08.012","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"3001_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0154)","volume":"52","author":"TM Grieco-Calub","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grieco-Calub, T. M., Saffran, J. R., & Litovsky, R. Y. (2009). Spoken word recognition in toddlers who use cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR, 52(6), 1390\u20131400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0154)","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1836832","volume":"117","author":"KS Helfer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Helfer, K. S., & Freyman, R. L. (2005). The role of visual speech cues in reducing energetic and informational masking. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(2), 842\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1836832","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"3001_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JECP.2018.03.009","volume":"172","author":"A Hillairet de Boisferon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hillairet de Boisferon, A., Tift, A. H., Minar, N. J., & Lewkowicz, D. J. (2018). The redeployment of attention to the mouth of a talking face during the second year of life. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 172, 189\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JECP.2018.03.009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00866.x","volume":"76","author":"G Hollich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hollich, G., Newman, R. S., & Jusczyk, P. W. (2005). Infants\u2019 use of synchronized visual information to separate streams of speech. Child Development, 76(3), 598\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00866.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"3001_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2022.11.003","volume":"146","author":"R Holt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holt, R., Bruggeman, L., & Demuth, K. (2023). Effects of hearing loss and audio-visual cues on children\u2019s speech processing speed. Speech Communication, 146, 11\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.specom.2022.11.003","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0148)","volume":"54","author":"RF Holt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holt, R. F., Kirk, K. I., & Hay-McCutcheon, M. J. (2011). Assessing multimodal spoken word-in-sentence recognition in children with normal hearing and children with cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54(2), 632\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0148)","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000798","volume":"41","author":"S Jerger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jerger, S., Damian, M. F., Karl, C., & Abdi, H. (2020). Detection and attention for auditory, visual, and audiovisual speech in children with hearing loss. Ear and Hearing, 41(3), 508\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000798","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2008.08.002","volume":"102","author":"S Jerger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jerger, S., Damian, M. F., Spence, M. J., Tye-Murray, N., & Abdi, H. (2009). Developmental shifts in children\u2019s sensitivity to visual speech: A new multimodal picture-word task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102(1), 40\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2008.08.002","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001286","volume":"44","author":"KE Klein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klein, K. E., Walker, E. A., & McMurray, B. (2023). Delayed lexical access and cascading effects on spreading semantic activation during spoken word recognition in children with hearing aids and cochlear implants: Evidence from eye-tracking. Ear and Hearing, 44(2), 338\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001286","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12098","volume":"17","author":"VC Knowland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knowland, V. C., Mercure, E., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Dick, F., & Thomas, M. S. (2014). Audio-visual speech perception: A developmental ERP investigation. Developmental Science, 17(1), 110\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.12098","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"3001_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l, M. E. (2018). Auditory noise increases the allocation of attention to the mouth, and the eyes pay the price: An eye-tracking study. PLOS ONE, 13(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0194491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194491"},{"issue":"4577","key":"3001_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7146899","volume":"218","author":"PK Kuhl","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kuhl, P. K., & Meltzoff, A. N. (1982). The bimodal perception of speech in infancy. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 218(4577), 1138\u20131141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.7146899","journal-title":"American Association for the Advancement of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2013\/12-0227)","volume":"57","author":"K Lalonde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lalonde, K., & Holt, R. F. (2014). Cognitive and linguistic sources of variance in 2-year-olds\u2019 speech-sound discrimination: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(1), 308\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2013\/12-0227)","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-H-13-0343","volume":"58","author":"K Lalonde","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lalonde, K., & Holt, R. F. (2015). Preschoolers benefit from visually salient speech cues. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58(1), 135\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-H-13-0343","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"3001_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4945590","volume":"139","author":"K Lalonde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lalonde, K., & Holt, R. F. (2016). Audiovisual speech perception development at varying levels of perceptual processing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(4), 1713\u20131723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4945590","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"3001_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000830","volume":"41","author":"K Lalonde","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lalonde, K., & McCreery, R. W. (2020). Audiovisual enhancement of speech perception in noise by school-age children who are hard of hearing. Ear and Hearing, 41(4), 705\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000830","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010049","volume":"11","author":"K Lalonde","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lalonde, K., & Werner, L. A. (2021). Development of the mechanisms underlying audiovisual speech perception benefit. Brain Sciences, 11(1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11010049","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"3001_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114783109","volume":"109","author":"DJ Lewkowicz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lewkowicz, D. J., & Hansen-Tift, A. M. (2012). Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(5), 1431\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1114783109","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"3001_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lieberman, A. M., Fitch, A., & Borovsky, A. (2022). Flexible fast-mapping: Deaf children dynamically allocate visual attention to learn novel words in American Sign Language. Developmental Science, 25(3), Article e13166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/DESC.13166","DOI":"10.1111\/DESC.13166"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/15475441.2012.760381","volume":"10","author":"AM Lieberman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lieberman, A. M., Hatrak, M., & Mayberry, R. I. (2014). Learning to look for language: Development of joint attention in young deaf children. Language Learning and Development, 10(1), 19\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15475441.2012.760381","journal-title":"Language Learning and Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"3001_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000702","volume":"149","author":"K MacDonald","year":"2020","unstructured":"MacDonald, K., Marchman, V. A., Fernald, A., & Frank, M. C. (2020). Children flexibly seek visual information to support signed and spoken language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(6), 1078\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0000702","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00671.x","volume":"11","author":"VA Marchman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marchman, V. A., & Fernald, A. (2008). Speed of word recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood: Fast-track report. Developmental Science, 11(3), 9\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00671.x","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000541","volume":"39","author":"VA Marchman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marchman, V. A., Loi, E. C., Adams, K. A., Ashland, M., Fernald, A., & Feldman, H. M. (2018). Speed of language comprehension at 18 months old predicts school-relevant outcomes at 54 months old in children born preterm. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 39(3), 246\u2013253.","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-14-0044","volume":"58","author":"DW Maidment","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maidment, D. W., Kang, H. J., Stewart, H. J., & Amitay, S. (2015). Audiovisual integration in children listening to spectrally degraded speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58(1), 61\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-14-0044","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"3001_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90079-7","volume":"22","author":"DL Mayer","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mayer, D. L., & Dobson, V. (1982). Visual acuity development in infants and young children, as assessed by operant preferential looking. Vision Research, 22(9), 1141\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90079-7","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"5588","key":"3001_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/264746a0","volume":"264","author":"H McGurk","year":"1976","unstructured":"McGurk, H., & MacDonald, J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264(5588), 746\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/264746a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3001_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COGNITION.2017.08.013","volume":"169","author":"B McMurray","year":"2017","unstructured":"McMurray, B., Farris-Trimble, A., & Rigler, H. (2017). Waiting for lexical access: Cochlear implants or severely degraded input lead listeners to process speech less incrementally. Cognition, 169, 147\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COGNITION.2017.08.013","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"3001_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller, H. E., Kirkorian, H. L., & Simmering, V. R. (2020). Using eye-tracking to understand relations between visual attention and language in children\u2019s spatial skills. Cognitive Psychology, 117, Article 101264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COGPSYCH.2019.101264","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COGPSYCH.2019.101264"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01042.x","volume":"78","author":"P Mundy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mundy, P., Block, J. J., Delgado, C. E. F., Pomares, Y. B., Van Hecke, A. V., & Parlade, M. V. (2007). Individual differences and the development of joint attention in infancy. Child Development, 78(3), 938\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01042.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"3001_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mushtaq, F., Wiggins, I. M., Kitterick, P. T., Anderson, C. A., & Hartley, D. E. (2020). The benefit of cross-modal reorganization on speech perception in pediatric cochlear implant recipients revealed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy.\u00a0Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,\u00a014, Article 308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00308","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00308"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4770241","volume":"133","author":"R Newman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newman, R., & Chatterjee, M. (2013). Toddlers\u2019 recognition of noise-vocoded speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133(1), 483\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4770241","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"3001_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.0.0071","volume":"154","author":"ME Nowakowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nowakowski, M. E., Tasker, S. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2009). Establishment of joint attention in dyads involving hearing mothers of deaf and hearing children, and its relation to adaptive social behavior. American Annals of the Deaf, 154(1), 15\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/aad.0.0071","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(99)00003-X","volume":"22","author":"ML Patterson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Patterson, M. L., & Werker, J. F. (1999). Matching phonetic information in lips and voice is robust in 4.5-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 22(2), 237\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0163-6383(99)00003-X","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7687.00271","volume":"6","author":"ML Patterson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patterson, M. L., & Werker, J. F. (2003). Two-month-old infants match phonetic information in lips and voice. Developmental Science, 6(2), 191\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-7687.00271","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"3001_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614568320\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1177_0956797614568320-FIG2.JPEG","volume":"26","author":"F Pons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pons, F., Bosch, L., & Lewkowicz, D. J. (2015). Bilingualism modulates infants\u2019 selective attention to the mouth of a talking face. Psychological Science, 26(4), 490\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797614568320\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1177_0956797614568320-FIG2.JPEG","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"3001_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenblum, L. D., Schmuckler, M. A., & Johnson, J. A. (1997). The McGurk effect in infants. Perception & Psychophysics, 59(3), 347\u2013357. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9136265","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211902"},{"issue":"12","key":"3001_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07685.x","volume":"33","author":"LA Ross","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross, L. A., Molholm, S., Blanco, D., Gomez-Ramirez, M., Saint-Amour, D., & Foxe, J. J. (2011). The development of multisensory speech perception continues into the late childhood years. European Journal of Neuroscience, 33(12), 2329\u20132337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07685.x","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"3001_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl024","volume":"17","author":"LA Ross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ross, L. A., Saint-Amour, D., Leavitt, V. M., Javitt, D. C., & Foxe, J. J. (2007). Do you see what I am saying? Exploring visual enhancement of speech comprehension in noisy environments. Cerebral Cortex, 17(5), 1147\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhl024","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1969.1162058","volume":"17","author":"EH Rothauser","year":"1969","unstructured":"Rothauser, E. H. (1969). IEEE Recommended practice for speech quality measurements. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 17(3), 225\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAU.1969.1162058","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics"},{"issue":"17","key":"3001_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7295","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609419104","volume":"104","author":"J Rouger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rouger, J., Lagleyre, S., Fraysse, B., Deneve, S., Deguine, O., & Barone, P. (2007). Evidence that cochlear-implanted deaf patients are better multisensory integrators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(17), 7295\u20137300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0609419104","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"3001_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1044\/2013_JSLHR-L-12-0333","volume":"57","author":"O Sandgren","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandgren, O., Andersson, R., van de Weijer, J., Hansson, K., & Sahl\u00e9n, B. (2014). Coordination of gaze and speech in communication between children with hearing impairment and normal-hearing peers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(3), 942\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2013_JSLHR-L-12-0333","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"3001_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2018.05.004","volume":"102","author":"M Seedorff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seedorff, M., Oleson, J. J., & McMurray, B. (2018). Detecting when timeseries differ: Using the Bootstrapped Differences of Timeseries (BDOTS) to analyze visual world paradigm data (and more). Journal of Memory and Language, 102, 55\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jml.2018.05.004","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00677.x","volume":"11","author":"K Sekiyama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sekiyama, K., & Burnham, D. (2008). Impact of language on development of auditory-visual speech perception. Developmental Science, 11(2), 306\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00677.x","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"3001_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000435","volume":"38","author":"RA Stevenson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stevenson, R. A., Sheffield, S. W., Butera, I. M., Gifford, R. H., & Wallace, M. T. (2017). Multisensory integration in cochlear implant recipients. Ear and Hearing, 38(5), 521\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000435","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"3001_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907309","volume":"26","author":"WH Sumby","year":"1954","unstructured":"Sumby, W. H., & Pollack, I. (1954). Visual contribution to speech intelligibility in noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 26, 212\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1907309","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"3001_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tye-Murray, N., Sommers, M. S., & Spehar, B. (2007). Audiovisual integration and lipreading abilities of older adults with normal and impaired hearing. Ear and Hearing, 28(5), 656\u2013668.","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31812f7185"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1044\/2013_JSLHR-H-12-0273","volume":"57","author":"N Tye-Murray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tye-Murray, N., Hale, S., Spehar, B., Myerson, J., & Sommers, M. S. (2014). Lipreading in school-age children: The roles of age, hearing status, and cognitive ability. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(2), 556\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2013_JSLHR-H-12-0273","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"3001_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613488145","volume":"24","author":"A Weisleder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weisleder, A., & Fernald, A. (2013). Talking to children matters: Early language experience strengthens processing and builds vocabulary. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2143\u20132152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797613488145","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"40","key":"3001_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14010","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1528-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"CJ Wild","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wild, C. J., Yusuf, A., Wilson, D. E., Peelle, J. E., Davis, M. H., & Johnsrude, I. S. (2012). Effortful listening: The processing of degraded speech depends critically on attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(40), 14010\u201314021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1528-12.2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"3001_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams, K. T. (2007). Expressive Vocabulary Test\u2013Second Edition. Pearson Assessmentshttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-79061-9_1065","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79061-9_1065"},{"issue":"2","key":"3001_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.06.016","volume":"125","author":"C Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu, C., & Smith, L. B. (2012). Embodied attention and word learning by toddlers. Cognition, 125(2), 244\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.06.016","journal-title":"Cognition"}],"container-title":["Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13414-024-03001-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13414-024-03001-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13414-024-03001-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T01:05:01Z","timestamp":1768352701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13414-024-03001-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["3001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-024-03001-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-3921","1943-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-3921","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Northwestern University and the Office of Research Compliance and Integrity at Northern Illinois University. Analysis of coded data for the present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois Chicago, and access to the data was approved through a data use agreement between the University of Illinois Chicago and Northwestern University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from parents\/legal guardians.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Parents\/legal guardians signed informed consent regarding publishing deidentified data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Deidentified data and other materials are available online (\n                      \n                      ).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Open practices statement"}},{"value":"Authors T.G.C., K.M.W., A.E.C., and J.O. receive a salary from their respective institution. The authors have no other relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}