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Gaps remain in generalizing these findings to real-world conditions where eye movements are made to select new visual information and where the environment remains stable but changes with our position and orientation in space, driving dynamic visual stimulation. Co-recording of eye movements and electroencephalography (EEG) is an approach to leverage fixations as time-locking events in the EEG recording under free-viewing conditions to create fixation-related potentials (FRPs), providing a neural snapshot in which to study visual processing under naturalistic conditions. The current experiment aimed to explore the influence of low-level image statistics\u2014specifically, luminance and a metric of spatial frequency (slope of the\u00a0amplitude spectrum)\u2014on the early visual components evoked from fixation onsets in a free-viewing visual search and navigation task using a virtual environment. This research combines FRPs with an optimized approach to remove ocular artifacts and deconvolution modeling to correct for overlapping neural activity inherent in any free-viewing paradigm. The results suggest that early visual components\u2014namely, the lambda response and N1\u2014of the FRPs are sensitive to luminance and spatial frequency around fixation, separate from modulation due to underlying differences in eye-movement characteristics. Together, our results demonstrate the utility of studying the influence of image statistics on FRPs using a deconvolution modeling approach to control for overlapping neural activity and oculomotor covariates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-024-03002-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T21:47:57Z","timestamp":1737668877000},"page":"261-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fixation-related potentials during a virtual navigation task: The influence of image statistics on early cortical processing"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Madison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Callahan-Flintoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Thurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell A. 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The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Government purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation herein.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This study was performed in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory Institutional Review Board (#19\u2013122).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"N\/A. 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