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As a result, the positions of objects are encoded from the avatar\u2019s perspective and within the avatar\u2019s spatial reference frame, and avatar-based compatibility effects can be observed. In the present study, we confronted participants simultaneously with two different avatars that offered conflicting visual perspectives. We asked participants to take the perspective of one avatar while performing a Simon task. In one half of the experiment, participants controlled the hands of the instructed avatar, while in the other half, they controlled the opposite avatar. We used stimulus-response compatibility effects to examine which perspective participants took, allowing us to examine whether instruction or control was more important in resolving frame of reference conflicts. Overall, we observed a compatibility effect based on the position of the controlled avatar, even when the participants were instructed to take the perspective of the opposite avatar. This suggests that the stimuli were encoded from the perspective of the controlled avatar, despite receiving conflicting instructions. The influence of action control overpowered the top-down influence of the instruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-026-03239-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:28:03Z","timestamp":1775852883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Which side do you take? Instruction versus action in resolving frame of reference conflicts"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"B\u00f6ffel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias Joseph","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"M\u00fcsseler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02063","volume":"9","author":"P Baess","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baess, P., Weber, T., & Bermeitinger, C. (2018). Sharing different reference frames: How stimulus setup and task setup shape egocentric and allocentric Simon effects. 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As no ethical issues such as the inclusion of vulnerable groups, stress, physical risk or deception or similar were anticipated, no further ethics approval was required for this study in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Every subject in each experiment gave informed consent to participate.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants gave informed consent for their anonymized data to be used in publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"None of the authors have competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Data and materials for the study are available via the following link:\n                      \n                      The experiment was not preregistered.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Open practices statement"}},{"value":"The author declares that this study was conducted in the absence of any financial relationships that could be viewed as conflicts of interests.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Note"}}],"article-number":"104"}}