{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T16:33:48Z","timestamp":1793291628695,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atten Percept Psychophys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-026-03321-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:05:55Z","timestamp":1786377955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Octave equivalence and the incidental learning of absolute pitch"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Williams","family":"Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3321_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000153","volume":"59","author":"L Akiva-Kabiri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akiva-Kabiri, L., & Henik, A. (2012). A unique asymmetrical Stroop effect in absolute pitch possessors. Experimental Psychology, 59(5), 272\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000153","journal-title":"Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"3321_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03331154","volume":"7","author":"D Allen","year":"1967","unstructured":"Allen, D. (1967). Octave discriminability of musical and nonmusical subjects. Psychonomic Science, 7, 421\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03331154","journal-title":"Psychonomic Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"3321_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2336-16.2016","volume":"37","author":"EJ Allen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allen, E. J., Burton, P. C., Olman, C. A., & Oxenham, A. J. (2017). Representations of pitch and timbre variation in human auditory cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(5), 1284\u20131293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2336-16.2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"3321_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4863269","volume":"135","author":"EJ Allen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen, E. J., & Oxenham, A. J. (2014). Symmetric interactions and interference between pitch and timbre. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135(3), 1371\u20131379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4863269","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"6","key":"3321_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908155","volume":"27","author":"A Bachem","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bachem, A. (1955). Absolute pitch. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 27(6), 1180\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1908155","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2009.27.2.89","volume":"27","author":"P Bermudez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bermudez, P., & Zatorre, R. J. (2009). A distribution of absolute pitch ability as revealed by computerized testing. Music Perception, 27(2), 89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/mp.2009.27.2.89","journal-title":"Music Perception"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02286.x","volume":"79","author":"DC Berry","year":"1988","unstructured":"Berry, D. C., & Broadbent, D. E. (1988). Interactive tasks and the implicit-explicit distinction. British Journal of Psychology, 79(2), 251\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02286.x","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-023-02653-0","volume":"85","author":"NR Bongiovanni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bongiovanni, N. R., Heald, S. L., Nusbaum, H. C., & Van Hedger, S. C. (2023). Generalizing across tonal context, timbre, and octave in rapid absolute pitch training. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 85(2), 525\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-023-02653-0","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447303300111","volume":"33","author":"J Cohen","year":"1973","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1973). Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in fixed factor ANOVA designs. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33(1), 107\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001316447303300111","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"3321_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203771587","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"3321_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deutsch, D. (1999). The processing of pitch combinations. In D. Deutsch (Ed.), The psychology of music (2nd ed., pp. 349\u2013411). Academic. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012213564-4\/50011-1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012213564-4\/50011-1"},{"key":"3321_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deutsch, D. (2013). Absolute pitch. In D. Deutsch (Ed.), The psychology of music (pp. 141\u2013182). Elsevier Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-381460-9.00005-5","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381460-9.00005-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"3321_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.113.4.541","volume":"113","author":"DE Dulany","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dulany, D. E., Carlson, R. A., & Dewey, G. I. (1984). A case of syntactical learning and judgment: How conscious and how abstract? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113(4), 541\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.113.4.541","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3321_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01550-4","volume":"53","author":"DA Fitts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fitts, D. A. (2021). Expected and empirical coverages of different methods for generating noncentral t confidence intervals for a standardized mean difference. Behavior Research Methods, 53, 2412\u20132429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-021-01550-4","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3321_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-017-0721-4","volume":"45","author":"ND Forrin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forrin, N. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (2017). Relative speed of processing determines color\u2013word contingency learning. Memory & Cognition, 45, 1206\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-017-0721-4","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2307\/3345010","volume":"36","author":"DB Gibson Jr.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gibson, D. B., Jr. (1988). The aural perception of similarity in nontraditional chords related by octave equivalence. Journal of Research in Music Education, 36(1), 5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3345010","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Music Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.124.1.22","volume":"124","author":"AG Greenwald","year":"1995","unstructured":"Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by marginally perceptible (\u201csubliminal\u201d) stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124(1), 22\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.124.1.22","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"3321_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hansen, N., & Reymore, L. (2024). Timbral cues underlie instrument-specific absolute pitch in expert oboists. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0306974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/qd8eu","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/qd8eu"},{"issue":"3","key":"3321_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2024.aa002","volume":"42","author":"W Henry","year":"2025","unstructured":"Henry, W., & Schmidt, J. R. (2025). Stroop-like effects in pitch identification training and generalization to untrained timbres: Evidence from a contingency learning task. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 42(3), 207\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/mp.2024.aa002","journal-title":"Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"3321_CR21","unstructured":"Henry, W., Iorio, C., & Schmidt, J. R. (2026). Acquiring pitch-label associations using the twelve semitones and perfect contingencies: An auditory contingency learning task. Manuscript in preparation."},{"key":"3321_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0364-2","volume":"74","author":"M Hoeschele","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoeschele, M., Weisman, R. G., & Sturdy, C. B. (2012). Pitch chroma discrimination, generalization, and transfer tests of octave equivalence in humans. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74, 1742\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-012-0364-2","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"3321_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118806","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.118806","volume":"10","author":"C Iorio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iorio, C., Bigand, E., & Schmidt, J. R. (2024). Incidentally acquiring pitch-label associations with a musical contingency learning task. Collabra: Psychology, 10, 118806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/collabra.118806","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218221092779","volume":"76","author":"C Iorio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iorio, C., \u0160aban, I., Poulin-Charronnat, B., & Schmidt, J. R. (2023). Incidental learning in music reading: The music contingency learning task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76(2), 429\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17470218221092779","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"3321_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh177","volume":"15","author":"K Itoh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Itoh, K., Suwazono, S., Arao, H., Miyazaki, K. I., & Nakada, T. (2005). Electrophysiological correlates of absolute pitch and relative pitch. Cerebral Cortex, 15(6), 760\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhh177","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"3321_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204867","volume":"32","author":"HJ Kallman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kallman, H. J. (1982). Octave equivalence as measured by similarity ratings. Perception & Psychophysics, 32, 37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03204867","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"3321_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192993","volume":"39","author":"K Kelley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kelley, K. (2007). Methods for the behavioral, educational, and social sciences: An R package. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 979\u2013984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03192993","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"3321_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0660-4","volume":"23","author":"C Keysers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keysers, C., Gazzola, V., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2020). Using Bayes factor hypothesis testing in neuroscience to establish evidence of absence. Nature Neuroscience, 23, 788\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-020-0660-4","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"3321_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00557","volume":"11","author":"SG Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, S. G., & Kn\u00f6sche, T. R. (2017). On the perceptual subprocess of absolute pitch. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00557","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"3321_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139087759","volume-title":"Bayesian cognitive modeling: A practical course","author":"MD Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, M. D., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2014). Bayesian cognitive modeling: A practical course. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139087759"},{"issue":"4","key":"3321_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206733","volume":"56","author":"DJ Levitin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Levitin, D. J. (1994). Absolute memory for musical pitch: Evidence from the production of learned melodies. Perception & Psychophysics, 56(4), 414\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03206733","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.11.007","volume":"9","author":"DJ Levitin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Levitin, D. J., & Rogers, S. E. (2005). Absolute pitch: Perception, coding, and controversies. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(1), 26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2004.11.007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000436","volume":"44","author":"OY-H Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, O.Y.-H., & MacLeod, C. M. (2018). The acquisition of simple associations as observed in color\u2013word contingency learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(1), 99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xlm0000436","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"3321_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loui, P. (2016). Absolute pitch. In S. Hallam, I. Cross, & M. Thaut (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of music psychology (pp. 81\u201394). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198722946.001.0001","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198722946.001.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000170","volume":"60","author":"CM MacLeod","year":"2019","unstructured":"MacLeod, C. M. (2019). Learning simple associations. Canadian Psychology\/psychologie Canadienne, 60(1), 3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cap0000170","journal-title":"Canadian Psychology\/psychologie Canadienne"},{"key":"3321_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02767","volume":"10","author":"D Makowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makowski, D., Ben-Shachar, M. S., Chen, S. A., & L\u00fcdecke, D. (2019a). Indices of effect existence and significance in the Bayesian framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02767","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"40","key":"3321_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01541","volume":"4","author":"D Makowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makowski, D., Ben-Shachar, M. S., & L\u00fcdecke, D. (2019b). bayestestR: Describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the Bayesian framework. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(40), 1541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01541","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"3321_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marjieh, R., Griffiths, T. L., & Jacoby, N. (2023). Musical pitch has multiple psychological geometries. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.06.13.544763","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.13.544763"},{"key":"3321_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00809","volume":"13","author":"M Matsuda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matsuda, M., Igarashi, H., & Itoh, K. (2019). Auditory T-complex reveals reduced neural activities in the right auditory cortex in musicians with absolute pitch. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, Article 809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00809","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/40285445","volume":"7","author":"KI Miyazaki","year":"1989","unstructured":"Miyazaki, K. I. (1989). Absolute pitch identification: Effects of timbre and pitch region. Music Perception, 7(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/40285445","journal-title":"Music Perception"},{"key":"3321_CR41","unstructured":"Miyazaki, K. (2000). Interaction in musical-pitch naming and syllable naming: An experiment on a Stroop-like effect in hearing. In T. Nakada (Ed.), Integrated human brain science: Theory, method, application (music) (pp. 415\u2013423). Elsevier."},{"key":"3321_CR42","unstructured":"Miyazaki, K. I. (2004). The auditory Stroop interference and the irrelevant speech\/pitch effect: Absolute-pitch listeners can\u2019t suppress pitch labeling [Paper]. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress on Acoustics. Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"3321_CR43","unstructured":"Morey, R. D., Rouder, J. N. (2022). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes factors for common designs (Version 0.9.12\u20134.4) [Computer software]. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=BayesFactor"},{"issue":"6678","key":"3321_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/33918","volume":"392","author":"C Pantev","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pantev, C., Oostenveld, R., Engelien, A., Ross, B., Roberts, L. E., & Hoke, M. (1998). Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians. Nature, 392(6678), 811\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/33918","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.2.1.88","volume":"2","author":"AS Reber","year":"1976","unstructured":"Reber, A. S. (1976). Implicit learning of synthetic languages: The role of instructional set. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2(1), 88\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.2.1.88","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"5","key":"3321_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.6.5.492","volume":"6","author":"AS Reber","year":"1980","unstructured":"Reber, A. S., Kassin, S. M., Lewis, S., & Cantor, G. (1980). On the relationship between implicit and explicit modes in the learning of a complex rule structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(5), 492\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.6.5.492","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory"},{"key":"3321_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.560877","volume":"11","author":"L Reymore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reymore, L., & Hansen, N. C. (2020). A theory of instrument-specific absolute pitch. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 560877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.560877","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3321_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.03432","volume":"14","author":"EG Schellenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schellenberg, E. G., & Trehub, S. E. (2003). Good pitch memory is widespread. Psychological Science, 14(3), 262\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9280.03432","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"3321_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00306.x","volume":"42","author":"KB Schlemmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schlemmer, K. B., Kulke, F., Kuchinke, L., & Van Der Meer, E. (2005). Absolute pitch and pupillary response: Effects of timbre and key color. Psychophysiology, 42(4), 465\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00306.x","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3917\/anpsy1.212.0077","volume":"121","author":"JR Schmidt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R. (2021). Apprentissage incident des associations simples de stimulus-r\u00e9ponse: Revue de la recherche avec la t\u00e2che d\u2019apprentissage de contingences couleur-mot [Incident learning of simple stimulus\u2013response associations: A review of research with the color-word contingency learning task]. L\u2019ann\u00e9e Psychologique, 121(2), 77\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/anpsy1.212.0077","journal-title":"L\u2019ann\u00e9e Psychologique"},{"key":"3321_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2025.2468410","volume":"43","author":"JR Schmidt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R. (2025). Is absolute pitch learnable? Implicit and explicit absolute pitch. Music Perception, 43, 133\u2013154.","journal-title":"Music Perception"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2006.06.010","volume":"16","author":"JR Schmidt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R., Crump, M. J. C., Cheesman, J., & Besner, D. (2007). Contingency learning without awareness: Evidence for implicit control. Consciousness and Cognition, 16(2), 421\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2006.06.010","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"3321_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0255-5","volume":"19","author":"JR Schmidt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R., & De Houwer, J. (2012a). Adding the goal to learn strengthens learning in an unintentional learning task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(4), 723\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-012-0255-5","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"3321_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2011.632486","volume":"65","author":"JR Schmidt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R., & De Houwer, J. (2012b). Does temporal contiguity moderate contingency learning in a speeded performance task? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(3), 408\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2011.632486","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"3321_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2016.09.002","volume":"56","author":"JR Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R., & De Houwer, J. (2016). Time course of colour\u2013word contingency learning: Practice curves, pre-exposure benefits, unlearning, and relearning. Learning and Motivation, 56, 15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lmot.2016.09.002","journal-title":"Learning and Motivation"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2009.12.016","volume":"19","author":"JR Schmidt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R., De Houwer, J., & Besner, D. (2010). Contingency learning and unlearning in the blink of an eye: A resource dependent process. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(1), 235\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2009.12.016","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"3321_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R., & Henry, W. (2025). Octave equivalence: Difficult to perceive, but improvements are possible with training. Manuscript submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000652"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.89743","volume":"9","author":"JR Schmidt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. R., Iorio, C., & Poulin-Charronnat, B. (2023). Automatizing sight reading: Contingency proportion and task relevance in the music contingency learning procedure. Collabra: Psychology, 9(1), Article 89743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/collabra.89743","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"key":"3321_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1919362","volume":"36","author":"RN Shepard","year":"1964","unstructured":"Shepard, R. N. (1964). Circularity in judgments of relative pitch. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 36, 2346\u20132353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1919362","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"3321_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.4.305","volume":"89","author":"RN Shepard","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shepard, R. N. (1982). Geometrical approximations to the structure of musical pitch. Psychological Review, 89(4), 305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.89.4.305","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"3321_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steiger, J. H., & Fouladi, R. T. (2016). Noncentrality interval estimation and the evaluation of statistical models. In L. L. Harlow, S. A. Mulaik, & J. H. Steiger (Eds.), What if there were no significance tests? (pp. 197\u2013229). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315629049","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315629049"},{"key":"3321_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1096","volume":"42","author":"G Stoet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stoet, G. (2010). PsyToolkit: A software package for programming psychological experiments using Linux. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 1096\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1096","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"3321_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0098628316677643","volume":"44","author":"G Stoet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stoet, G. (2017). PsyToolkit: A novel web-based method for running online questionnaires and reaction-time experiments. Teaching of Psychology, 44(1), 24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0098628316677643","journal-title":"Teaching of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.113.2.345","volume":"113","author":"AH Takeuchi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Takeuchi, A. H., & Hulse, S. H. (1993). Absolute pitch. Psychological Bulletin, 113(2), 345\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.113.2.345","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"3321_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-023-01429-z","volume":"51","author":"SC Van Hedger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Hedger, S. C., Bongiovanni, N. R., Heald, S. L., & Nusbaum, H. C. (2023). Absolute pitch judgments of familiar melodies generalize across timbre and octave. Memory & Cognition, 51, 1898\u20131910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13421-023-01429-z","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"3321_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Hedger, S. C., Heald, S. L., & Nusbaum, H. C. (2019). Absolute pitch can be learned by some adults. PLOS ONE, 14(9), Article e0223047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0223047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223047"},{"issue":"4","key":"3321_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2017.1307427","volume":"71","author":"SC Van Hedger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Hedger, S. C., Heald, S. L., & Nusbaum, H. C. (2018). Long-term pitch memory for music recordings is related to auditory working memory precision. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(4), 879\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2017.1307427","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"3321_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-022-02496-1","volume":"84","author":"B Wagner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wagner, B., Sturdy, C. B., Weisman, R. G., & Hoeschele, M. (2022). Pitch chroma information is processed in addition to pitch height information with more than two pitch-range categories. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 84, 1757\u20131771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-022-02496-1","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"3","key":"3321_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2012.29.3.285","volume":"29","author":"SJ Wilson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilson, S. J., Lusher, D., Martin, C. L., Rayner, G., & McLachlan, N. (2012). Intersecting factors lead to absolute pitch acquisition that is maintained in a \u201cfixed do\u201d environment. Music Perception, 29(3), 285\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/mp.2012.29.3.285","journal-title":"Music Perception"},{"issue":"3","key":"3321_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn121","volume":"19","author":"SJ Wilson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilson, S. J., Lusher, D., Wan, C. Y., Dudgeon, P., & Reutens, D. C. (2009). The neurocognitive components of pitch processing: Insights from absolute pitch. Cerebral Cortex, 19(3), 724\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhn121","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"3321_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01869-3","volume":"82","author":"YK Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong, Y. K., Lui, K. F., Yip, K. H., & Wong, A. C. N. (2020a). Is it impossible to acquire absolute pitch in adulthood? Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 1407\u20131430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-019-01869-3","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"11","key":"3321_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021820935776","volume":"73","author":"YK Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong, Y. K., Ngan, V. S., Cheung, L. Y., & Wong, A. C. (2020b). Absolute pitch learning in adults speaking nontonal languages. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73(11), 1908\u20131920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747021820935776","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3321_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/00222899809601334","volume":"30","author":"G Wulf","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wulf, G., H\u00f6\u00df, M., & Prinz, W. (1998). Instructions for motor learning: Differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30(2), 169\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222899809601334","journal-title":"Journal of Motor Behavior"}],"container-title":["Attention, Perception, &amp; Psychophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03321-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03321-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03321-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T16:09:26Z","timestamp":1793290166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03321-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03321-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-3921","1943-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-3921","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable (ethics approval is not required by law in France, cf. \u201cLa loi Jard\u00e9\u201d; LOI n\u00b0 2012\u2013300 du 5 mars 2012 relative aux recherches impliquant la personne humaine).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent before taking part in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Raw data, data analysis scripts, and experiment files are available in the Open Science Framework repository:\n                      \n                      .","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Open practices statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"175"}}