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Conversely, traditional set-size manipulations in visual search yield flawed estimates of stimulus-processing time, mainly because the number of actually processed stimuli is typically unknown. We have recently developed the\n                      <jats:italic>systematic-search paradigm<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a visual-search paradigm that overcomes this limitation and potentially provides a valid measure of stimulus-processing time. Its core idea is to bring the order of search under experimental control, so that the number of processed stimuli is determined by the position of the target on the current trial. We then extract the slope of the linear function relating target position (and therefore the number of processed stimuli) to response times. With this approach, all extraneous processing times are relegated to the intercept of the function. The present study provides a further validation of this slope-measure by showing that it reflects the complexity of the visual stimuli (Exp. 1), but is robust against changes in the complexity of the response (Exp. 2). All raw data, analysis code, preregistrations, and research materials are available online (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/42mxh\/\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/osf.io\/42mxh\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Open practices statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In both experiments, we report how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions (if any), all manipulations, and all measures in the study. The experiments\u2019 designs and analyses were preregistered. All trial-level raw data, analysis code, preregistrations and research materials are available online (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/42mxh\/\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/osf.io\/42mxh\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ). Direct links to the preregistrations are\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/tbk8s\/\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/osf.io\/tbk8s\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      (Exp. 1) and\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/va98q\/\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/osf.io\/va98q\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      (Exp. 2).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-026-03325-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:17:02Z","timestamp":1791940622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating stimulus-processing time via position slopes in visual search"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Talke","family":"Michaelsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Janczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4551-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinrich R.","family":"Liesefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3325_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x","volume":"15","author":"GA Alvarez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alvarez, G. 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