{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:37:25Z","timestamp":1793295445622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00240q980","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atten Percept Psychophys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reading mechanism is associated with perceptual, attentional, and oculomotor processes that partly overlap with functions attributed to the magnocellular-dorsal system. On this basis, we examined whether a home-based visual-search training program, without phonological, orthographic, or reading components, could influence reading-related performance in adult typical readers. Participants were assigned to one of three training versions that differed in the visual features of Gabor patterns to be detected (orientation, phase, or configuration), or to a no-training control group. Training performance indicated that the three visual-search versions differed in difficulty: The orientation task was relatively easy, the phase task was the most perceptually demanding, and the configuration task was intermediate. Regression analyses controlling for pretest performance showed lower adjusted posttest reading times, relative to the no-training group, for the phase group in word reading and lexical decision, and for the configuration group in nonword reading. No consistent training-related advantage was observed for accuracy. These results suggest that demanding visual-search training may be associated with changes in some timed reading-related outcomes, but the effects were outcome-specific and should be interpreted as preliminary. Further work is needed to disentangle task difficulty, search mode, and training dose, and to determine whether similar effects generalize to children or to readers with dyslexia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Open practices statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The raw trial-level data for all experimental conditions are publicly available in the OSF repository (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/XTY4S\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/XTY4S<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ). The repository also contains the\u00a0code for the analyses described in the Sensitivity Analysis and Type I Error Rate section. The experiment and analyses were not preregistered.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-026-03336-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:03:30Z","timestamp":1790183010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probing the use of visual search as a tool to enhance reading speed"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Carabba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9588-4416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Borsati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Altieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Vicovaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Battaglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3336_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34826","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034826","volume":"7","author":"A An","year":"2012","unstructured":"An, A., Sun, M., Wang, Y., Wang, F., Ding, Y., & Song, Y. (2012). The N2pc is increased by perceptual learning but is unnecessary for the transfer of learning. PLoS One, 7(4), e34826.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"3336_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-170731","volume":"35","author":"M Barollo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barollo, M., Contemori, G., Battaglini, L., Pavan, A., & Casco, C. (2017). Perceptual learning improves contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, and foveal crowding in amblyopia. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 35(5), 483\u2013496.","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"3336_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10(4), 433\u2013436.","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"issue":"5","key":"3336_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211642","volume":"51","author":"MJ Bravo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bravo, M. J., & Nakayama, K. (1992). The role of attention in different visual-search tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 51(5), 465\u2013472.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"8","key":"3336_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10080558","volume":"10","author":"S Caldani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caldani, S., Gerard, C. L., Peyre, H., & Bucci, M. P. (2020). Visual attentional training improves reading capabilities in children with dyslexia: An eye tracker study during a reading task. Brain Sciences, 10(8), 558.","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"3336_CR6","first-page":"89","volume":"9","author":"N Caldarola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caldarola, N., Perini, N., & Cornoldi, C. (2012). DLC: A lexical decision task for the group assessment of reading decoding skills. Dislessia, Edizioni Erickson-Trento, 9(1), 89\u2013104.","journal-title":"Dislessia, Edizioni Erickson-Trento"},{"issue":"2","key":"3336_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-170752","volume":"36","author":"C Casco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casco, C., Barollo, M., Contemori, G., & Battaglini, L. (2018). Neural restoration training improves visual functions and expands visual field of patients with homonymous visual field defects. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 36(2), 275\u2013291.","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"key":"3336_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00014","volume":"6","author":"T Chouake","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chouake, T., Levy, T., Javitt, D. C., & Lavidor, M. (2012). Magnocellular training improves visual word recognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1\u20136.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"3336_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.10.008","volume":"179","author":"A Ciavarelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciavarelli, A., Contemori, G., Battaglini, L., Barollo, M., & Casco, C. (2021). Dyslexia and the magnocellular-parvocellular coactivation hypothesis. Vision Research, 179, 64\u201374.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"3336_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.03.008","volume":"159","author":"G Contemori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Contemori, G., Battaglini, L., Barollo, M., & Ciavarelli, A. (2019). Developmental dyslexia: A deficit in magnocellular-parvocellular co-activation, not simply in pure magnocellular activation. Vision Research, 159, 61\u201367.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"3336_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2307\/1423030","volume":"105","author":"M Czerwinski","year":"1992","unstructured":"Czerwinski, M., Lightfoot, N., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1992). Automatization and training in visual search. The American Journal of Psychology, 105(2), 271\u2013315.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"3336_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22098","volume":"34","author":"L Danelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Danelli, L., Berlingeri, M., Bottini, G., Ferri, F., Vacchi, L., Sberna, M., & Paulesu, E. (2012). Neural intersections of the phonological, visual magnocellular and motor\/cerebellar systems in normal readers: Implications for imaging studies on dyslexia. Human Brain Mapping, 34(10), 2669\u20132687.","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"3336_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1663856","volume":"24","author":"A Edwards","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edwards, A., & Schatschneider, C. (2020). Magnocellular pathway and reading rate: An equivalence test analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 24(3), 264\u2013273.","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"5","key":"3336_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.031","volume":"76","author":"ES Finn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Finn, E. S., Shen, X., Holahan, J. M., Scheinost, D., Lacadie, C., Papademetris, X., ..., & Constable, R. T. (2014). Disruption of functional networks in dyslexia: A whole-brain, data-driven analysis of connectivity. Biological Psychiatry, 76(5), 397\u2013404.","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"3336_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.013","volume":"22","author":"S Franceschini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franceschini, S., Gori, S., Ruffino, M., Pedrolli, K., & Facoetti, A. (2012). A causal link between visual spatial attention and reading acquisition. Current Biology, 22(9), 814\u2013819.","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3336_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0064-4","volume":"2","author":"S Franceschini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Franceschini, S., Bertoni, S., Ronconi, L., Molteni, M., Gori, S., & Facoetti, A. (2015). \u201cShall we play a game?\u201d: Improving reading through action video games in developmental dyslexia. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 2(4), 318\u2013329.","journal-title":"Current Developmental Disorders Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"3336_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X11001841","volume":"35","author":"R Frost","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frost, R. (2012). Towards a universal model of reading. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(5), 263\u2013279.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"3336_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1167\/10.6.24","volume":"10","author":"P Gerv\u00e1n","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerv\u00e1n, P., & Kov\u00e1cs, I. (2010). Two phases of offline learning in contour integration. Journal of Vision, 10(6), 24.","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"11","key":"3336_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv206","volume":"26","author":"S Gori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gori, S., Seitz, A. R., Ronconi, L., Franceschini, S., & Facoetti, A. (2016). Multiple causal links between magnocellular\u2013dorsal pathway deficit and developmental dyslexia. Cerebral Cortex, 26(11), 4356\u20134369.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"3336_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.12.008","volume":"20","author":"J Grainger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grainger, J., Dufau, S., & Ziegler, J. C. (2016). A vision of reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 171\u2013179.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"3336_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.2","volume":"61","author":"EM Haris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haris, E. M., McGraw, P. V., Webb, B. S., Chung, S. T. L., & Astle, A. T. (2020). The effect of perceptual learning on face recognition in individuals with central vision loss. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 61(8), 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.8.2","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"3336_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17281","volume":"9","author":"Y He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, Y., Feng, L., Zhou, Y., Zhuang, Y., Xu, Z., Yao, Y., ..., & Li, J. (2023). Characteristics and predictive factors of visual function improvements after monocular perceptual learning in amblyopia. Heliyon, 9(6), e17281.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"3336_CR23","volume-title":"A guide to assessments that work","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. J. (Eds.). (2018). A guide to assessments that work. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"3336_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0909(200007\/09)6:3<163::AID-DYS150>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"6","author":"J Iles","year":"2000","unstructured":"Iles, J., Walsh, V., & Richardson, A. (2000). Visual search performance in dyslexia. Dyslexia, 6(3), 163\u2013177.","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"issue":"16","key":"3336_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.16.7495","volume":"90","author":"I Kov\u00e1cs","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, I., & Julesz, B. (1993). A closed curve is much more than an incomplete one: Effect of closure in figure-ground segmentation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90(16), 7495\u20137497.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"6","key":"3336_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2004.03.017","volume":"22","author":"P Kozma-Wiebe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kozma-Wiebe, P., Silverstein, S. M., Feh\u00e9r, \u00c1., Kov\u00e1cs, I., Ulhaas, P., & Wilkniss, S. (2006). Development of a world-wide web based contour integration test. Computers in Human Behavior, 22(6), 971\u2013980.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"3336_CR27","first-page":"142","volume":"42","author":"T Lawton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lawton, T. (2011). Improving magnocellular function in the dorsal stream remediates reading deficits. Optometry & Vision Development, 42(3), 142\u2013154.","journal-title":"Optometry & Vision Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"3336_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01819-z","volume":"82","author":"HR Liesefeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liesefeld, H. R., & M\u00fcller, H. J. (2020). A theoretical attempt to revive the serial\/parallel-search dichotomy. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82(1), 228\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-019-01819-z","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"6","key":"3336_CR29","first-page":"821","volume":"42","author":"HR Liesefeld","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liesefeld, H. R., Moran, R., Usher, M., M\u00fcller, H. J., & Zehetleitner, M. (2016). Search efficiency as a function of target saliency: The transition from inefficient to efficient search and beyond. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(6), 821.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"18","key":"3336_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943","volume":"88","author":"MS Livingstone","year":"1991","unstructured":"Livingstone, M. S., Rosen, G. D., Drislane, F. W., & Galaburda, A. M. (1991). Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88(18), 7943\u20137947.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"3336_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2010.09.010","volume":"95","author":"ZL Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu, Z. L., Hua, T., Huang, C. B., Zhou, Y., & Dosher, B. A. (2011). Visual perceptual learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 95(2), 145\u2013151.","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"3336_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2024.2397825","author":"A Mandal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mandal, A., R\u00f6er, J. P., & Liesefeld, H. R. (2024). Auditory distractors are processed but do not interfere with visual search of any difficulty when sound is irrelevant. Visual Cognition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13506285.2024.2397825","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"key":"3336_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.10.004","volume":"20","author":"M Maniglia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maniglia, M., & Seitz, A. R. (2018). Towards a whole brain model of perceptual learning. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 20, 47\u201355.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"3336_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-150575","volume":"34","author":"M Maniglia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maniglia, M., Pavan, A., Sato, G., Contemori, G., Montemurro, S., Battaglini, L., & Casco, C. (2016). Perceptual learning leads to long lasting visual improvement in patients with central vision loss. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 34(5), 697\u2013720.","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"key":"3336_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107819","volume":"155","author":"BN Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen, B. N., Kolbe, S. C., Verghese, A., Nearchou, C., McKendrick, A. M., Egan, G. F., & Vidyasagar, T. R. (2021). Visual search efficiency and functional visual cortical size in children with and without dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 155, 107819.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"3336_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366","volume":"10","author":"DG Pelli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10(4), 437\u2013442.","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"3336_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.02.015","volume":"100","author":"JL Peters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peters, J. L., De Losa, L., Bavin, E. L., & Crewther, S. G. (2019). Efficacy of dynamic visuo attentional interventions for reading in dyslexic and neurotypical children: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 100, 58\u201376.","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"3336_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/16.2.5","volume":"16","author":"EA Reavis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reavis, E. A., Frank, S. M., & Tse, P. U. (2016). Learning efficient visual search for stimuli containing diagnostic spatial configurations and color-shape conjunctions. Journal of Vision, 16(2), 5.","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"3336_CR39","volume-title":"DDE-2. Batteria per la valutazione della Dislessia e della Disortografia Evolutiva-2","author":"G Sartori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sartori, G., Job, R., & Tressoldi, P. E. (2007). DDE-2. Batteria per la valutazione della Dislessia e della Disortografia Evolutiva-2. Giunti Psychometrics."},{"issue":"1","key":"3336_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2737","volume":"11","author":"Y Sasaki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sasaki, Y., Nanez, J. E., & Watanabe, T. (2010). Advances in visual perceptual learning and plasticity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(1), 53\u201360.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"3336_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2006.00052.x","volume":"89","author":"BC Skottun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skottun, B. C., & Skoyles, J. R. (2006). Attention, reading and dyslexia. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 89(4), 241\u2013245.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3336_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.186","volume":"7","author":"J Stein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stein, J. (2001). The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia, 7(1), 12\u201336.","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"3336_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.022","volume":"130","author":"J Stein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stein, J. (2019). The current status of the magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 130, 66\u201377.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"3336_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3","volume":"20","author":"J Stein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stein, J., & Walsh, V. (1997). To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(4), 147\u2013152.","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"3336_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01102.x","volume":"15","author":"M Szwed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Szwed, M., Ventura, P., Querido, L., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2012). Reading acquisition enhances an early visual process of contour integration. Developmental Science, 15(1), 139\u2013149.","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"3336_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0058","volume":"1","author":"JM Wolfe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2017). Five factors that guide attention in visual search. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(3), 0058.","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"}],"container-title":["Attention, Perception, &amp; Psychophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03336-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03336-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03336-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:02:11Z","timestamp":1793293331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03336-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-026-03336-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-3921","1943-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-3921","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The experimental project was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Psychological Research at the University of Padua (Protocol No. 4485).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed written consent for participation and processing of personal data was obtained at the beginning of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided their written informed consent, confirming the anonymous publication of their data with the commitment that no personal identifiers would be revealed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"190"}}