{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:32:43Z","timestamp":1779409963842,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 K18 ES021624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 K18 ES021624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-025-01311-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T13:53:59Z","timestamp":1747922039000},"page":"584-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The neurocognitive efficiency score: Derivation, validation, and application of a novel combination of concurrent electrophysiological and behavioral data"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Wenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah F.","family":"Newbolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1311_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0372-8","volume":"46","author":"N Altieri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altieri, N., Townsend, J. T., & Wenger, M. J. (2014). A measure for assessing the effects of audiovisual speech integration. Behav. Res. Methods, 46(2), 406\u2013415.","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1311_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(00)00038-2","volume":"34","author":"A Ames","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ames, A. (2000). CNS energy metabolism as related to function. Brain Res. Rev., 34(1\u20132), 42\u201368.","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"1311_CR3","unstructured":"Anemia. (2024). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/anaemia (Accessed on 25 May, 2024)"},{"key":"1311_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.03.002","volume":"135","author":"A Angelidis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angelidis, A., Hagenaars, M., van Son, D., van der Does, W., & Putman, P. (2018). Do not look away! Spontaneous frontal EEG theta\/beta ratio as a marker for cognitive control over attention to mild and high threat. Biol. Psychol., 135, 8\u201317.","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"1311_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(82)90509-3","volume":"17","author":"R Ashkenazi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ashkenazi, R., Ben-Shachar, D., & Youdim, M. B. (1982). Nutritional iron and dopamine binding sites in the rat brain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 17, 43\u201347.","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"1311_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.020102.075739","volume":"23","author":"JL Beard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beard, J. L., & Connor, J. R. (2003). Iron status and neural functioning. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 23(1), 41\u201358.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"1311_CR7","first-page":"B231","volume":"78","author":"C Berka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berka, C., Levendowski, D. J., Lumicao, M. N., Yau, A., Davis, G., Zivkovic, V. T., & Craven, P. L. (2007). Correlates of task engagement and mental workload in vigilance, learning, and memory tasks. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 78(5), B231\u2013B244.","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1311_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05358.x","volume":"106","author":"LE Bianco","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bianco, L. E., Wiesinger, J., Earley, C. J., Jones, B. C., & Beard, J. L. (2008). Iron deficiency alters dopamine uptake and response to l-dopa injection in sprague-dawley rats. J. Neurochem., 106(1), 205\u2013215.","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"1311_CR9","unstructured":"Blaha, L.M., Busey, T.A., Townsend, J.T. (2009). An LDA approach to the neural correlates of configural learning. Proceedings of the 31st annual conference of the cognitive science society. Austin, TX."},{"key":"1311_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2015.01.002","volume":"66","author":"LM Blaha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blaha, L. M., & Houpt, J. W. (2015). An extension of workload capacity space for systems with more than two channels. J. Math. Psychol., 66, 1\u20135.","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"1311_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.6.1675","volume":"110","author":"I Bodis-Wollner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bodis-Wollner, I., Marx, M. S., Mitra, S., Bobak, P., Mylin, L., & Yahr, M. (1987). Visual dysfunction in parkinson\u2019s disease: Loss in spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity. Brain, 110(6), 1675\u20131698.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1311_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borghetti, L., Morris, M.B., Jack\u00a0Rhodes, L., Haubert, A.R., Veksler, B.Z. (2021). Gamma oscillations index sustained attention in a brief vigilance task. Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting (Vol.\u00a065, pp. 546\u2013550).","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181321651122"},{"key":"1311_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-020-00785-6","volume":"20","author":"TM Centanni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Centanni, T. M., Halpern, A. R., Seisler, A. R., & Wenger, M. (2020). Context-dependent neural responses to minor notes in frontal and temporal regions distinguish musicians from nonmusicians. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20, 551\u2013564.","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1311_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2496(03)00063-4","volume":"47","author":"RA Chechile","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chechile, R. A. (2003). Mathematical tools for hazard function analysis. J. Math. Psychol., 47(5\u20136), 478\u2013494.","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2011.03.001","volume":"55","author":"RA Chechile","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chechile, R. A. (2011). Properties of reverse hazard functions. J. Math. Psychol., 55(3), 203\u2013222.","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1311_CR16","first-page":"518","volume":"2","author":"RA Chechile","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chechile, R. A. (2022). Using hazard and surrogate functions for understanding memory and forgetting. Applied Math, 2(4), 518\u2013546.","journal-title":"Applied Math"},{"issue":"10","key":"1311_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.10.1795","volume":"160","author":"Y Chen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Levy, D. L., Sheremata, S., Nakayama, K., Matthysse, S., & Holzman, P. S. (2003). Effects of typical, atypical, and no antipsychotic drugs on visual contrast detection in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 160(10), 1795\u20131801.","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1311_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545689","volume-title":"Exercise testing and interpretation: a practical approach","author":"CB Cooper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cooper, C. B., & Storer, T. W. (2001). Exercise testing and interpretation: a practical approach. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"1311_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203342398","volume-title":"Working memory capacity","author":"N Cowan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cowan, N. (2012). Working memory capacity. Psychology Press."},{"key":"1311_CR20","volume-title":"Renewal theory","author":"DR Cox","year":"1962","unstructured":"Cox, D. R. (1962). Renewal theory. London: Methuen."},{"issue":"11","key":"1311_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.039404.115","volume":"22","author":"CA Cunningham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cunningham, C. A., Yassa, M. A., & Egeth, H. E. (2015). Massive memory revisited: Limitations on storage capacity for object details in visual long-term memory. Learning & Memory, 22(11), 563\u2013566.","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"1311_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00297","volume":"11","author":"D Dasari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dasari, D., Shou, G., & Ding, L. (2017). ICA-derived EEG correlates to mental fatigue, effort, and workload in a realistically simulated air traffic control task. Front. Neurosci., 11, 297.","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"1311_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000208","volume":"46","author":"DM DellaValle","year":"2014","unstructured":"DellaValle, D. M., & Haas, J. D. (2014). Iron supplementation improves energetic efficiency in iron-depleted female rowers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 46(6), 1204\u20131215.","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"1","key":"1311_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27528-0","volume":"13","author":"A Delorme","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delorme, A. (2023). EEG is better left alone. Sci. Rep., 13(1), 2372.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1311_CR25","unstructured":"Delorme, A., Jung, T.- P., Sejnowski, T., Makeig, S., et\u00a0al. (2005). Improved rejection of artifacts from EEG data using high-order statistics and independent component analysis. Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"1311_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). Eeglab: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods, 134(1), 9\u201321.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"1311_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de V. Weir, J.B. (1949). New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J. Physiol., 109, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363"},{"issue":"2","key":"1311_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm073","volume":"18","author":"SM Doesburg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Doesburg, S. M., Roggeveen, A. B., Kitajo, K., & Ward, L. M. (2008). Large-scale gamma-band phase synchronization and selective attention. Cereb. Cortex, 18(2), 386\u2013396.","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00563-9","volume":"69","author":"KM Erikson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Erikson, K. M., Jones, B. C., Hess, E. J., Zhang, Q., & Beard, J. L. (2001). Iron deficiency decreases dopamine d1 and d2 receptors in rat brain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 69(3), 409\u2013418.","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"1311_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2003.10.001","volume":"66","author":"SH Fairclough","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fairclough, S. H., & Houston, K. (2004). A metabolic measure of mental effort. Biol. Psychol., 66(2), 177\u201390.","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"1311_CR31","volume-title":"Failure rate modelling for reliability and risk","author":"M Finkelstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finkelstein, M. (2008). Failure rate modelling for reliability and risk. Brlin: Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"1311_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.6.662","volume":"89","author":"DL Fisher","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fisher, D. L. (1982). Limited-channel models of automatic detection: Capacity in scanning in visual search. Psychol. Rev., 89, 662\u2013692.","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"1311_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(84)90017-3","volume":"16","author":"DL Fisher","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fisher, D. L. (1984). Central capacity limits in consistent mapping, visual search tasks: Four channels or more? Cogn. Psychol., 16, 449\u2013484.","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1311_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.4.1140","volume":"83","author":"PT Fox","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1986). Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 83(4), 1140\u20131144.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA"},{"issue":"4864","key":"1311_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3260686","volume":"241","author":"PT Fox","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fox, P. T., Raichle, M. E., Mintun, M. A., & Dence, C. (1988). Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity. Science, 241(4864), 462\u2013464.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1311_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, H.- L., & Yang, C.- T. (2024). Exploring the influence of a 4-week aerobic exercise intervention on cognitive control processes in young adults: An SFT and DDM study. Prog. Brain Res., 283, 193\u2013229.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2023.12.003"},{"key":"1311_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-019-00954-0","volume":"47","author":"K Fukuda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fukuda, K., & Vogel, E. K. (2019). Visual short-term memory capacity predicts the \u201cbandwidth\u2019\u2019 of visual long-term memory encoding. Memory & cognition, 47, 1481\u20131497.","journal-title":"Memory & cognition"},{"key":"1311_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0656-7","volume":"87","author":"AH Garde","year":"2002","unstructured":"Garde, A. H., Laursen, B., J\u00f8rgensen, A. H., & Jensen, B. R. (2002). Effects of mental and physical demands on heart rate variability during computer work. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 87, 456\u201361.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1311_CR39","unstructured":"Haas, J.D. (2006). The effects of iron deficiency on physical performance. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 451\u2013461,"},{"key":"1311_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.676S","volume":"131","author":"JD Haas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Haas, J. D., & Brownlie, T. (2001). Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: A critical review of the research to determine a causal relationship. J. Nutr., 131, 676S-688S.","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"26","key":"1311_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8940","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0026-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"CN Hall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hall, C. N., Klein-Fl\u00fcgge, M. C., Howarth, C., & Attwell, D. (2012). Oxidative phosphorylation, not glycolysis, powers presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms underlying brain information processing. J. Neurosci., 32(26), 8940\u20138951.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2008.25.3.181","volume":"25","author":"A Halpern","year":"2008","unstructured":"Halpern, A., Martin, J., & Reed, T. (2008). An ERP study of major-minor classification in melodies. Music. Percept., 25(3), 181\u2013191.","journal-title":"Music. Percept."},{"key":"1311_CR43","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A Regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A Regression-based approach (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.","edition":"3"},{"key":"1311_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heathcote, A., Coleman, J.R., Eidels, A., Watson, J.M., Houpt, J., Strayer, D.L. (2015). Working memory\u2019s workload capacity. Memory & Cognition, 1\u201317,","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-015-0526-2"},{"issue":"5","key":"1311_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2012.05.004","volume":"56","author":"JW Houpt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Houpt, J. W., & Townsend, J. T. (2012). Statistical measures for workload capacity analysis. J. Math. Psychol., 56(5), 341\u2013355.","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"1311_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyder, F. (2004). Deriving changes in cmr$$_{O2}$$ from calibrated fMRI. R.G.\u00a0Shulman and D.L.\u00a0Rothman (Eds.), Brain energetics and neuronal activity: Applications to fMRI and medicine (p.147-171). West Sussex, England: Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470020520.ch9"},{"key":"1311_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyder, F., & Blumenfeld, H. (2004). Relationship between cmr$$_{O2}$$ and neuronal activity. Brain energetics and neuronal activity: Applications to fMRI and medicine (p.173-194). West Sussex, England: Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470020520.ch10"},{"issue":"16","key":"1311_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132272299","volume":"99","author":"F Hyder","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hyder, F., Rothman, D. L., & Shulman, R. G. (2002). Total neuroenergetics support localized brain activity: Implications for the interpretation of fMRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 99(16), 10771\u201310776.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA"},{"issue":"5","key":"1311_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.217","volume":"74","author":"KJ Jager","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jager, K. J., Van Dijk, P. C., Zoccali, C., & Dekker, F. W. (2008). The analysis of survival data: the Kaplan-Meier method. Kidney Int., 74(5), 560\u2013565.","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1311_CR50","unstructured":"Jung, T.- P., & Lee, T.- W. (2007). Applications of independent component analyses to electroencephelography. M.J.\u00a0Wenger and C.\u00a0Schuster (Eds.), Statistical and process models for cognitive neuroscience and aging (p.313-334). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"1311_CR51","volume-title":"Attention and effort","author":"D Kahneman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"1311_CR52","first-page":"199","volume":"86","author":"R Kail","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kail, R., & Salthouse, T. A. (1994). Processing speed as mental capacity. Acta Physiol. (Oxf), 86, 199\u2013225.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"1311_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kringelbach, M.L., Perl, Y.S., Deco, G. (2024). The thermodynamics of mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2024.03.009"},{"issue":"44","key":"1311_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11986","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3092-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"AN Landau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Landau, A. N., Esterman, M., Robertson, L. C., Bentin, S., & Prinzmetal, W. (2007). Different effects of voluntary and involuntary attention on EEG activity in the gamma band. J. Neurosci., 27(44), 11986\u201311990.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1311_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00223-0","volume":"111","author":"T Langheinrich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Langheinrich, T., van Elset, L. T., Lagreze, W. A., Bach, M., Lucking, C. H., & Greenlee, M. W. (2000). Visual contrast response functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence from electroretinograms, visually evoked potentials and psychophysics. Clin. Neurophysiol., 111, 66\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1311_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lappin, J.S., & Bell, H.H. (2021). Form and function in information for visual perception. i-Perception, 12(6), 20416695211053352,","DOI":"10.1177\/20416695211053352"},{"key":"1311_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1162-z","volume":"78","author":"JS Lappin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lappin, J. S., Morse, D. L., & Seiffert, A. E. (2016). The channel capacity of visual awareness divided among multiple moving objects. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 78, 2469\u20132493.","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"1311_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-020-01973-9","volume":"82","author":"JS Lappin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lappin, J. S., Seiffert, A. E., & Bell, H. H. (2020). A limiting channel capacity of visual perception: Spreading attention divides the rates of perceptual processes. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 2652\u20132672.","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"1311_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laughlin, S.B., & Attwell, D. (2004). Neural energy consumption and the representation of mental events. R.G.\u00a0Shulman and D.L.\u00a0Rothman (Eds.), Brain energetics and neuronal activity: Applications to fMRI and medicine (p.111-124). West Sussex, England: Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470020520.ch7"},{"issue":"6","key":"1311_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90419-8","volume":"48","author":"D Lehmann","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lehmann, D., & Skrandies, W. (1980). Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 48(6), 609\u2013621.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1311_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., & R., Chen, X., Yan, H., Deurenberg, P., Garby, L., Hautvast, J.G.A.H. (1994). Functional consequences of iron supplementation in iron-deficient female cotton workers in Beijing, China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 59, 908\u2013913.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.4.908"},{"key":"1311_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8446","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909711107","volume":"107","author":"AL Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin, A. L., Fox, P. T., Hardies, J., Duong, T. Q., & Gao, J. H. (2010). Nonlinear coupling between cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, and atp production in human visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107, 8446\u20138451.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1311_CR63","unstructured":"Little, D., Altieri, N., Yang, C., Fific, M. (2017). Systems factorial technology: A theory driven methodology for the identification of perceptual and cognitive mechanisms. Elsevier Science & Technology Books. Retrieved from https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=OQICMQAACAAJ"},{"key":"1311_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.883321","volume":"13","author":"L Longo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Longo, L., Wickens, C. D., Hancock, G., & Hancock, P. A. (2022). Human mental workload: A Survey and a novel inclusive definition. Front. Psychol., 13, Article 883321.","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"1311_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa016","volume":"150","author":"SV Luna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luna, S. V., Pompano, L. M., Lung\u2019aho, M., Gahutu, J. B., & Haas, J. D. (2020). Increased iron status during a feeding trial of iron-biofortified beans increases physical work efficiency in rwandan women. J. Nutr., 150(5), 1093\u20131099.","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"1311_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(65)90014-3","volume":"2","author":"WJ McGill","year":"1965","unstructured":"McGill, W. J., & Gibbon, J. (1965). The general gamma distribution and reaction times. J. Math. Psychol., 2, 1\u201318.","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-023-09955-x","volume":"18","author":"K Mizokuchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mizokuchi, K., Tanaka, T., Sato, T. G., & Shiraki, Y. (2024). Alpha band modulation caused by selective attention to music enables eeg classification. Cogn. Neurodyn., 18(3), 1005\u20131020.","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurodyn."},{"issue":"12","key":"1311_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.12.2282","volume":"127","author":"C Nelson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nelson, C., Erikson, K., Pi\u00f1ero, D. J., & Beard, J. L. (1997). In vivo dopamine metabolism is altered in iron-deficient anemic rats. J. Nutr., 127(12), 2282\u20132288.","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"1311_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2304943","volume":"27","author":"SF Newbolds","year":"2024","unstructured":"Newbolds, S. F., & Wenger, M. J. (2024). Assessing the pattern electroretinogram as a proxy measure for dopamine in the context of iron deficiency. Nutr. Neurosci., 27, 1131\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2304943","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"issue":"25","key":"1311_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2685-19.2020","volume":"40","author":"S Noah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noah, S., Powell, T., Khodayari, N., Olivan, D., Ding, M., & Mangun, G. R. (2020). Neural mechanisms of attentional control for objects: decoding EEG alpha when anticipating faces, scenes, and tools. J. Neurosci., 40(25), 4913\u20134924.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1311_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90004-3","volume":"7","author":"DA Norman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1975). On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cogn. Psychol., 7, 44\u201364.","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"1311_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195050387.001.0001","volume-title":"Electric fields of the brain: The neurophysics of EEG","author":"PL Nunez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nunez, P. L., & Srinivasan, R. (2006). Electric fields of the brain: The neurophysics of EEG (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"7","key":"1311_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000046","volume":"142","author":"K Oberauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oberauer, K., Farrell, S., Jarrold, C., & Lewandowsky, S. (2016). What limits working memory capacity? Psychol. Bull., 142(7), 758.","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"1311_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00811-6","volume":"18","author":"S \u00d6zugur","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d6zugur, S., Kunz, L., & Straka, H. (2020). Relationship between oxygen consumption and neuronal activity in a defined neural circuit. BMC Biol., 18, 1\u201316.","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"1311_CR75","volume-title":"Signal analysis","author":"A Papoulis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Papoulis, A. (1977). Signal analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill College."},{"key":"1311_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2008.034","volume":"152","author":"J Petrek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petrek, J. (2008). Pictorial cognitive task resolution and dynamics of event-related potentials. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub., 152, 223\u2013230.","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub."},{"key":"1311_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2009.022","volume":"153","author":"J Petrek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petrek, J. (2009). Pictorial cognitive task resolution and expired minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and heart rate. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub., 153, 131\u2013136.","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub."},{"issue":"16","key":"1311_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172399499","volume":"99","author":"ME Raichle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raichle, M. E., & Gusnard, D. A. (2002). Appraising the brain\u2019s energy budget. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 99(16), 10237\u201310239.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA"},{"key":"1311_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhoten, S.E., Wenger, M.J., De\u00a0Stefano, L.A. (2024). Iron deficiency negatively affects behavioral measures of learning, indirect neural measures of dopamine, and neural efficiency. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, (in press)","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/qv8bc"},{"key":"1311_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379\u2013423.","journal-title":"The Bell System Technical Journal"},{"key":"1311_CR81","volume-title":"The mathematical theory of communication","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1963","unstructured":"Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press."},{"key":"1311_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01128845","volume":"2","author":"W Skrandies","year":"1989","unstructured":"Skrandies, W. (1989). Data reduction of multichannel fields: Global field power and principal components analysis. Brain Topogr., 2, 73\u201380.","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1311_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01128870","volume":"3","author":"W Skrandies","year":"1990","unstructured":"Skrandies, W. (1990). Global field power and topographic similarity. Brain Topogr., 3, 137\u2013141.","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"issue":"6","key":"1311_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(82)90120-1","volume":"54","author":"W Skrandies","year":"1982","unstructured":"Skrandies, W., & Lehmann, D. (1982). Spatial principal components of multichannel maps evoked by lateral visual half-field stimuli. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 54(6), 662\u2013667.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1311_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokoloff, L. (2004). Energy metabolism in neural tissues in vivo at rest and in functionally altered states. R.G.\u00a0Shulman and D.L.\u00a0Rothman (Eds.), Brain energetics and neuronal activity: Applications to fMRI and medicine (p.11-30). West Sussex, England: Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470020520.ch2"},{"key":"1311_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, R.H.C.e., & Naves, E.L.M. (2021). Attention detection in virtual environments using EEG signals: a scoping review. Front. Physiol., 12, Article 727840.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.727840"},{"issue":"3736","key":"1311_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3736.652","volume":"153","author":"S Sternberg","year":"1966","unstructured":"Sternberg, S. (1966). High-speed scanning in human memory. Science, 153(3736), 652\u2013654.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(71)90036-8","volume":"8","author":"EA Thomas","year":"1971","unstructured":"Thomas, E. A. (1971). Sufficient conditions for monotone hazard rate an application to latency-probability curves. J. Math. Psychol., 8(3), 303\u2013332.","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028448","volume":"119","author":"JT Townsend","year":"2012","unstructured":"Townsend, J. T., & Altieri, N. (2012). An accuracy-response time capacity assessment function that measures performance against standard parallel predictions. Psychol. Rev., 119(3), 500\u2013516.","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"1311_CR90","unstructured":"Townsend, J.T., & Ashby, F.G. (1978). Methods of modeling capacity in simple processing systems. J.\u00a0Castellan and F.\u00a0Restle (Eds.), Cognitive theory (vol. 3) (p.200-239). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"1311_CR91","volume-title":"Stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes","author":"JT Townsend","year":"1983","unstructured":"Townsend, J. T., & Ashby, F. G. (1983). Stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"1311_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-011-0106-9","volume":"18","author":"JT Townsend","year":"2011","unstructured":"Townsend, J. T., & Eidels, A. (2011). Workload capacity spaces: A unified methodology for response time measures of efficiency as workload is varied. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 659\u2013681.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"1311_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.1995.1033","volume":"39","author":"JT Townsend","year":"1995","unstructured":"Townsend, J. T., & Nozawa, G. (1995). On the spatio-temporal properties of elementary perception: An investigation of parallel, serial, and coactive theories. J. Math. Psychol., 39, 321\u2013359.","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1311_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1003","volume":"111","author":"JT Townsend","year":"2004","unstructured":"Townsend, J. T., & Wenger, M. J. (2004). A theory of interactive parallel processing: new capacity measures and predictions for a response time inequality series. Psychol. Rev., 111(4), 1003.","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"1311_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.06.023","volume":"261","author":"EL Unger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unger, E. L., Bianco, L. E., Jones, B. C., Allen, R. P., & Earley, C. J. (2014). Low brain iron effects and reversibility on striatal dopamine dynamics. Exp. Neurol., 261, 462\u2013468.","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1311_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.1.118","volume":"137","author":"EL Unger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Unger, E. L., Paul, T., Murray-Kolb, L. E., Felt, B., Jones, B. C., & Beard, J. L. (2007). Early iron deficiency alters sensorimotor development and brain monoamines in rats. J. Nutr., 137(1), 118\u2013124.","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"1311_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.095224","volume":"138","author":"EL Unger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Unger, E. L., Wiesinger, J. A., Hao, L., & Beard, J. L. (2009). Dopamine D2 receptor expression is altered by changes in cellular iron levels in PC12 cells and rat brain tissue. J. Nutr., 138(12), 2487\u20132494.","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"1311_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2018.01.007","volume":"122","author":"RJ Von Der Heide","year":"2018","unstructured":"Von Der Heide, R. J., Wenger, M. J., Bittner, J. L., & Fitousi, D. (2018). Converging operations and the role of perceptual and decisional influences on the perception of faces: Neural and behavioral evidence. Brain Cogn., 122, 59\u201375.","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"1311_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3758\/PP.70.7.1248","volume":"70","author":"MJ Wenger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wenger, M. J., Copeland, A. M., Bittner, J. L., & Thomas, R. D. (2008). Evidence for criterion shifts in visual perceptual learning: Data and implications. Perception & Psychophysics, 70, 1248\u20131273.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1360559","volume":"22","author":"MJ Wenger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wenger, M. J., DellaValle, D. M., Murray-Kolb, L. E., & Haas, J. D. (2017). Effect of iron deficiency on simultaneous measures of behavior, brain activity, and energy expenditure in the performance of a cognitive task. Nutr. Neurosci., 22(3), 196\u2013206.","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"1311_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.251587","volume":"147","author":"MJ Wenger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wenger, M. J., Murray-Kolb, L. E., Nevins, J. E. H., Venkatramanan, S., Reinhart, G. A., Wesley, A., & Haas, J. D. (2017). Consumption of a double-fortified salt affects perceptual, attentional, and mnemonic functioning in women in a randomized controlled trial in india. J. Nutr., 147(12), 2297\u20132308.","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000735","volume":"46","author":"MJ Wenger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wenger, M. J., & Rhoten, S. E. (2020). Perceptual learning produces perceptual objects. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn., 46(3), 455\u2013475.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"1311_CR103","unstructured":"Wickens, C.D. (1984). Processing resources in attention. R.\u00a0Parasuraman and R.\u00a0Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention (p.??). New York: Academic."},{"key":"1311_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodroofe, M. (1985). Estimating a distribution function with truncated data. Ann. Stat., 13(1), 163\u2013177.","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176346584"},{"issue":"3","key":"1311_CR105","first-page":"491","volume":"46","author":"MB Youdim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Youdim, M. B., & Yehuda, S. (2000). The neurochemical basis of cognitive deficits induced by brain iron deficiency: Involvement of dopamine-opiate system. Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand), 46(3), 491\u2013500.","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"1311_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J.- C., Chang, T.- Y., Yang, C.- T. (2014). Individual differences in working memory capacity and workload capacity. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, ,","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01465"},{"key":"1311_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.5.1768","volume":"84","author":"Y Zhu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., & Haas, J. D. (1998). Altered metabolic response of iron-depleted non-anemic women during a 15 km time trial. J. Appl. Physiol., 84, 1768\u20131775.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1311_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.2.334","volume":"66","author":"YI Zhu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. I., & Haas, J. D. (1997). Iron depletion without anemia and physical performance in young women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66(2), 334\u201341.","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01311-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01311-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01311-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:02:20Z","timestamp":1779408140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01311-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01311-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.01.10.632377","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1530-7026","1531-135X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-7026","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-135X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/competing interests"}},{"value":"This research was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Cornell University and The University of Oklahoma. All work was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants at the outset of their participation.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent to publish de-identified data was obtained from all participants at the outset of their participation.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}