{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T12:25:13Z","timestamp":1781007913686,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-025-01381-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T17:15:28Z","timestamp":1767892528000},"page":"469-483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["When effort fuels risk: Cognitive exertion increases risk-taking for gains but reduces it for losses"],"prefix":"10.3758","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ya","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1381_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.12.006","volume":"21","author":"H Alves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alves, H., Koch, A., & Unkelbach, C. (2017). Why good is more alike than bad: Processing implications. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(2), 69\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2016.12.006","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"1381_CR2","unstructured":"Bates, D., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., & Baayen, H. (2015). Parsimonious mixed models. arXiv, 1506. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1506.04967"},{"issue":"1","key":"1381_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"5","key":"1381_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1252","volume":"74","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1252","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"19","key":"1381_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab480","volume":"32","author":"M Bogdanov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bogdanov, M., Renault, H., LoParco, S., Weinberg, A., & Otto, A. R. (2022). Cognitive effort exertion enhances electrophysiological responses to rewarding outcomes. Cerebral Cortex, 32(19), 4255\u20134270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab480","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"1381_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.619","volume":"22","author":"S Bruyneel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bruyneel, S., Dewitte, S., Franses, P., & Dekimpe, M. (2009). I felt low and my purse feels light: Depleting mood regulation attempts affect risk decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22(2), 153\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdm.619","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"issue":"3","key":"1381_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1760-19.2019","volume":"40","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, X., Voets, S., Jenkinson, N., & Galea, J. M. (2020). Dopamine-dependent loss aversion during effort-based decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(3), 661\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1760-19.2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"1381_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550619887702","volume":"12","author":"J Dang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dang, J., Barker, P., Baumert, A., Bentvelzen, M., Berkman, E., Buchholz, N., Buczny, J., Chen, Z., De Cristofaro, V., de Vries, L., Dewitte, S., Giacomantonio, M., Gong, R., Homan, M., Imhoff, R., Ismail, I., Jia, L., Kubiak, T., Lange, F., \u2026 Zinkernagel, A. (2021). A multilab replication of the ego depletion effect. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(1), 14\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550619887702","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"1381_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000443","volume":"150","author":"L David","year":"2024","unstructured":"David, L., Vassena, E., & Bijleveld, E. (2024). The unpleasantness of thinking: A meta-analytic review of the association between mental effort and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 150(9), 1070\u20131093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000443","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4\/6","key":"1381_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00052-7","volume":"15","author":"ND Daw","year":"2002","unstructured":"Daw, N. D., Kakade, S., & Dayan, P. (2002). Opponent interactions between serotonin and dopamine. Neural Networks, 15(4-6), 603\u2013616.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"1381_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582305276837","volume":"4","author":"HA Demaree","year":"2005","unstructured":"Demaree, H. A., Everhart, D. E., Youngstrom, E. A., & Harrison, D. W. (2005). Brain lateralization of emotional processing: Historical roots and a future incorporating \u201cdominance.\u201d Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 4(1), 3\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1534582305276837","journal-title":"Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews"},{"key":"1381_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.130886","author":"J Dora","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dora, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2025). Effort expenditure decreases risk aversion when dealing with gains but not losses. Collabra: Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/collabra.130886","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"key":"1381_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629","volume":"59","author":"JS Evans","year":"2008","unstructured":"Evans, J. S. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"1381_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001021","volume":"150","author":"AC Farinha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farinha, A. C., & Maia, T. V. (2021). People exert more effort to avoid losses than to obtain gains. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(9), 1837\u20131853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0001021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"1381_CR15","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"J Fox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2019). An R companion to applied regression (3rd ed). SAGE Publications.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"1381_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550609360421","volume":"1","author":"N Freeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freeman, N., & Muraven, M. (2010). Self-control depletion leads to increased risk taking. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 175\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550609360421","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"1381_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12504","volume":"7","author":"P Green","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green, P., & MacLeod, C. J. (2016). SIMR: An R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(4), 493\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12504","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"10","key":"1381_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76888","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076888","volume":"8","author":"MS Hagger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hagger, M. S., Panetta, G., Leung, C. M., Wong, G. G., Wang, J. C., Chan, D. K., Wang, J. C. K., Chan, D. K. C., Keatley, D. A., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2013). Chronic inhibition, self-control and eating behavior: Test of a \u2018resource depletion\u2019 model. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e76888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076888","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1381_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00157","volume":"14","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Clarke, D., Paul, K., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2020a). The effect of perceived effort on reward valuation: Taking the reward positivity (RewP) to dissonance theory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00157","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"1381_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14536","volume":"61","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Matis, S., Angus, D. J., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2024). Does effort increase or decrease reward valuation? Considerations from cognitive dissonance theory. Psychophysiology, 61(6), Article e14536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.14536","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"1381_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107910","volume":"154","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Willoughby, C., Paul, K., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2020b). The effect of perceived effort and perceived control on reward valuation: Using the reward positivity to test a dissonance theory prediction. Biological Psychology, 154, 107910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107910","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"1381_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.01.014","volume":"107","author":"G Hochman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hochman, G., Ayal, S., & Ariely, D. (2014). Keeping your gains close but your money closer: The prepayment effect in riskless choices. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 107, 582\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.01.014","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"issue":"3","key":"1381_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.05.004","volume":"43","author":"W Hofmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hofmann, W., Rauch, W., & Gawronski, B. (2007). And deplete us not into temptation: Automatic attitudes, dietary restraint, and self-regulatory resources as determinants of eating behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 497\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.05.004","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1381_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1544","volume":"58","author":"T Hossain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hossain, T., & List, J. A. (2012). The behavioralist visits the factory: Increasing productivity using simple framing manipulations. Management Science, 58(12), 2151\u20132167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1544","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"1381_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaf016","author":"C Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, C., Zhou, Z., Angus, D. J., Sedikides, C., & Kelley, N. J. (2025). Exercising self-control increases responsivity to hedonic and eudaimonic rewards. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsaf016","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"1381_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0029-9","volume":"19","author":"M Husain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Husain, M., & Roiser, J. P. (2018). Neuroscience of apathy and anhedonia: A transdiagnostic approach. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 19(8), 470\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-018-0029-9","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"1381_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2402","volume":"63","author":"A Imas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imas, A., Sadoff, S., & Samek, A. (2016). Do people anticipate loss aversion? Management Science, 63(5), 1271\u20131284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2402","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"1381_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1899","volume":"28","author":"R Imhoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Imhoff, R., Schmidt, A. F., & Gerstenberg, F. (2014). Exploring the interplay of trait self\u2013control and ego depletion: Empirical evidence for ironic effects. European Journal of Personality, 28(5), 413\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/per.1899","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"3","key":"1381_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.009","volume":"18","author":"M Inzlicht","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inzlicht, M., Schmeichel, B. J., & Macrae, C. N. (2014). Why self-control seems (but may not be) limited. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(3), 127\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"1381_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.01.007","volume":"22","author":"M Inzlicht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inzlicht, M., Shenhav, A., & Olivola, C. Y. (2018). The effort paradox: Effort is both costly and valued. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(4), 337\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2018.01.007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"1381_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(83)90120-4","volume":"31","author":"AM Isen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Isen, A. M., & Patrick, R. (1983). The effect of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31(2), 194\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0030-5073(83)90120-4","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Performance"},{"issue":"8","key":"1381_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672231218746","volume":"51","author":"H Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang, H., & Zheng, Y. (2024). Effort expenditure increases risk-taking for improbable rewards. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 51(8), 1396\u20131410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672231218746","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"1381_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kahneman, D. T., Amos. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47, 263\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1914185","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185"},{"issue":"3","key":"1381_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-019-00694-3","volume":"19","author":"NJ Kelley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelley, N. J., Finley, A. J., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2019). After-effects of self-control: The reward responsivity hypothesis. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 19(3), 600\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-019-00694-3","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"1381_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.08.003","volume":"7","author":"R Kurzban","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kurzban, R. (2016). The sense of effort. Current Opinion in Psychology, 7, 67\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.08.003","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"1381_CR36","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. (2022). Emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means [Computer software]. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"1381_CR37","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke, D. (2024). sjPlot: Data visualization for statistics in social science [Computer software]. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=sjPlot"},{"key":"1381_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.11.045","volume":"261","author":"Q Ma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Meng, L., Wang, L., & Shen, Q. (2014). I endeavor to make it: Effort increases valuation of subsequent monetary reward. Behavioural Brain Research, 261, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.11.045","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"1381_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00287","volume":"14","author":"SAA Massar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Massar, S. A. A., Pu, Z., Chen, C., & Chee, M. W. L. (2020). Losses motivate cognitive effort more than gains in effort-based decision making and performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00287","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"1381_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2017.01.001","volume":"94","author":"H Matuschek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matuschek, H., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., Baayen, H., & Bates, D. (2017). Balancing type I error and power in linear mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 94, 305\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jml.2017.01.001","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"1381_CR41","first-page":"1762","volume":"36","author":"DM McEvoy","year":"2016","unstructured":"McEvoy, D. M. (2016). Loss aversion and student achievement. Economics Bulletin, 36(3), 1762\u20131770.","journal-title":"Economics Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"1381_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(03)00028-7","volume":"7","author":"S Monsell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 134\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1364-6613(03)00028-7","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"1381_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164x.16.2.113","volume":"16","author":"M Muraven","year":"2002","unstructured":"Muraven, M., Collins, R. L., & Nienhaus, K. (2002). Self-control and alcohol restraint: An initial application of the self-control strength model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16(2), 113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-164x.16.2.113","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"1381_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Doherty, J., Critchley, H., Deichmann, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices. Journal of neuroscience, 23(21), 7931\u20137939.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-21-07931.2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"1381_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/82959","volume":"4","author":"J O\u2019Doherty","year":"2001","unstructured":"O\u2019Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001). Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nature neuroscience, 4(1), 95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"1381_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108480","volume":"177","author":"W Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan, W., Lu, J., Wu, L., Kou, J., & Lei, Y. (2023). Expending effort may share neural responses with reward and evokes high subjective satisfaction. Biological Psychology, 177, 108480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108480","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"1381_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.08.006","volume":"5","author":"M Pessiglione","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pessiglione, M., & Delgado, M. R. (2015). The good, the bad and the brain: Neural correlates of appetitive and aversive values underlying decision making. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 5, 78\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.08.006","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"1381_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.10.004","volume":"51","author":"O Porat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Porat, O., Hassin-Baer, S., Cohen, O. S., Markus, A., & Tomer, R. (2014). Asymmetric dopamine loss differentially affects effort to maximize gain or minimize loss. Cortex, 51, 82\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.10.004","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"1381_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019797","volume":"99","author":"B Schmeichel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmeichel, B., Harmon-Jones, C., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). Exercising self-control increases approach motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(1), 162\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019797","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1381_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.007","volume":"79","author":"A Shenhav","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2013). The expected value of control: An integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron, 79(2), 217\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1381_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031526","volume":"40","author":"A Shenhav","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shenhav, A., Musslick, S., Lieder, F., Kool, W., Griffiths, T. L., Cohen, J. D., & Botvinick, M. M. (2017). Toward a rational and mechanistic account of mental effort. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 40, 99\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031526","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"1381_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013826","volume":"28","author":"D Shmueli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shmueli, D., & Prochaska, J. J. (2009). Resisting tempting foods and smoking behavior: Implications from a self-control theory perspective. Health Psychology, 28(3), 300\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0013826","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"issue":"5811","key":"1381_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134239","volume":"315","author":"SM Tom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tom, S. M., Fox, C. R., Trepel, C., & Poldrack, R. A. (2007). The neural basis of loss aversion in decision-making under risk. Science, 315(5811), 515\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1134239","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"42","key":"1381_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17143","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1309909110","volume":"110","author":"A Tymula","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tymula, A., Rosenberg Belmaker, L., Ruderman, L., Glimcher, P., & Levy, I. (2013). Like cognitive function, decision making across the life span shows profound age-related changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(42), 17143\u201317148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1309909110","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"10","key":"1381_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797621989733","volume":"32","author":"KD Vohs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vohs, K. D., Schmeichel, B. J., Lohmann, S., Gronau, Q. F., Finley, A. J., Ainsworth, S. E., & Albarrac\u00edn, D. (2021). A multisite preregistered paradigmatic test of the ego-depletion effect. Psychological Science, 32(10), 1566\u20131581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797621989733","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1676","key":"1381_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1312","volume":"276","author":"S Zhong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhong, S., Israel, S., Xue, H., Sham, P. C., Ebstein, R. P., & Chew, S. H. (2009). A neurochemical approach to valuation sensitivity over gains and losses. Proceedings of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 276(1676), 4181\u20134188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2009.1312","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Cognitive, Affective, &amp; Behavioral Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01381-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01381-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01381-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T15:32:42Z","timestamp":1776699162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01381-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-025-01381-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-7026","1531-135X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-7026","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-135X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was awarded by the Institutional Review Board of Guangzhou University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants consented for anonymized data to be available on online repositories and to be published in peer-reviewed journals.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interests"}}]}}