{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T19:27:45Z","timestamp":1786390065308,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Center for Brain Cognition and Human Development, Guangdong, China","award":["2024B0303390003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B0303390003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515012354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32371114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32371114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"],"DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-026-01486-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:27:54Z","timestamp":1786386474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The selective dynamics of proactive and reactive control in GAD: A taVNS study using hierarchical drift diffusion modeling"],"prefix":"10.3758","author":[{"given":"Shuliang","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peibing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"January","key":"1486_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00880-4","volume":"26","author":"TJ Akiki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akiki, T. J., Jubeir, J., Bertrand, C., Tozzi, L., & Williams, L. M. (2024). Neural circuit basis of pathological anxiety. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 26(January), 5\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-024-00880-4","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903381531","volume":"24","author":"TL Ansari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ansari, T. L., & Derakshan, N. (2010). Anxiety impairs inhibitory control but not volitional action control. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 241\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930903381531","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"1486_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.12.013","volume":"86","author":"TL Ansari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ansari, T. L., & Derakshan, N. (2011a). The neural correlates of cognitive effort in anxiety: Effects on processing efficiency. Biological Psychology, 86(3), 337\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.12.013","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1486_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.019","volume":"49","author":"TL Ansari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ansari, T. L., & Derakshan, N. (2011b). The neural correlates of impaired inhibitory control in anxiety. Neuropsychologia, 49(5), 1146\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","volume":"28","author":"G Aston-Jones","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: Adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annual Review Neuroscience, 28(1), 403\u2013450.","journal-title":"Annual Review Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"1486_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","volume":"11","author":"BW Badran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badran, B. W., Dowdle, L. T., Mithoefer, O. J., LaBate, N. T., Coatsworth, J., Brown, J. C., DeVries, W. H., Austelle, C. W., McTeague, L. M., & George, M. S. (2018). Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: A concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review. Brain Stimulation, 11(3), 492\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"1486_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1093\/SCAN\/NSAA146","volume":"15","author":"NL Balderston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balderston, N. L., Flook, E., Hsiung, A., Liu, J., Thongarong, A., Stahl, S., Makhoul, W., Sheline, Y., Ernst, M., & Grillon, C. (2020). Patients with anxiety disorders rely on bilateral dlPFC activation during verbal working memory. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 15(12), 1288\u20131298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/SCAN\/NSAA146","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"1486_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00003","volume":"23","author":"U Basten","year":"2011","unstructured":"Basten, U., Stelzel, C., & Fiebach, C. J. (2011). Trait anxiety modulates the neural efficiency of inhibitory control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(10), 3132\u20133145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"5","key":"1486_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.750235","volume":"27","author":"N Berggren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berggren, N., & Derakshan, N. (2013a). The role of consciousness in attentional control differences in trait anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 27(5), 923\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2012.750235","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"1486_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.03.007","volume":"92","author":"N Berggren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berggren, N., & Derakshan, N. (2013b). Attentional control deficits in trait anxiety: Why you see them and why you don\u2019t. Biological Psychology, 92(3), 440\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.03.007","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"1486_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00188","volume":"7","author":"N Berggren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berggren, N., Richards, A., Taylor, J., & Derakshan, N. (2013). Affective attention under cognitive load: Reduced emotional biases but emergent anxiety-related costs to inhibitory control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00188","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"1486_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.07.004","volume":"9","author":"C Beste","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beste, C., Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Grigoriadou, S., Zhang, R., Chmielewski, W., Stock, A.-K., & Colzato, L. (2016). Effects of concomitant stimulation of the gabaergic and norepinephrine system on inhibitory control \u2013 A study using transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 9(6), 811\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2016.07.004","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"1486_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betts, M. J., Kirilina, E., Otaduy, M. C., Ivanov, D., Acosta-Cabronero, J., Callaghan, M. F.,\u2026H\u00e4mmerer, D. (2019). Locus coeruleus imaging as a biomarker for noradrenergic dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain, 142(9), 2558\u20132571.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz193"},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-017-9659-x","volume":"42","author":"JL Birk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Birk, J. L., Rogers, A. H., Shahane, A. D., & Urry, H. L. (2018). The heart of control: Proactive cognitive control training limits anxious cardiac arousal under stress. Motivation and Emotion, 42(1), 64\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-017-9659-x","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"key":"1486_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boag, R. J., Innes, R. J., Stevenson, N., Bahg, G., Busemeyer, J. R., Cox, G. E.,\u2026Forstmann, B. U. (2025). An expert guide to planning experimental tasks for evidence-accumulation modeling.\u00a0Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science,\u00a08(2), 25152459251336127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25152459251336127","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459251336127"},{"key":"1486_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00523","author":"U Borges","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borges, U., Knops, L., Laborde, S., Klatt, S., & Raab, M. (2020). Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation may enhance only specific aspects of the core executive functions. A randomized crossover trial. Frontiers in Neuroscience. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00523","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.010","volume":"16","author":"TS Braver","year":"2012","unstructured":"Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: A dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 106\u2013113.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"1486_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195168648.003.0004","author":"TS Braver","year":"2007","unstructured":"Braver, T. S., Gray, J. R., & Burgess, G. C. (2007). Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: Dual mechanisms of cognitive control. Variation in Working Memory. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195168648.003.0004","journal-title":"Variation in Working Memory"},{"issue":"9","key":"1486_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01768","volume":"33","author":"TS Braver","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braver, T. S., Kizhner, A., Tang, R., Freund, M. C., & Etzel, J. A. (2021). The dual mechanisms of cognitive control project. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 33(9), 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01768","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"18","key":"1486_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808187106","volume":"106","author":"TS Braver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Braver, T. S., Paxton, J. L., Locke, H. S., & Barch, D. M. (2009). Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(18), 7351\u20137356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0808187106","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"6","key":"1486_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13571","volume":"57","author":"AM Burger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burger, A. M., D\u2019Agostini, M., Verkuil, B., & Van Diest, I. (2020). Moving beyond belief: A narrative review of potential biomarkers for transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation. Psychophysiology, 57(6), Article e13571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13571","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1486_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.4.367","volume":"7","author":"CS Carter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carter, C. S., & van Veen, V. (2007). Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: An update of theory and data. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(4), 367\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/CABN.7.4.367","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"1486_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012","volume":"18","author":"JF Cavanagh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cavanagh, J. F., & Frank, M. J. (2014). Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(8), 414\u2013421.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"1486_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.08.006","volume":"17","author":"L Cocchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cocchi, L., Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., & Mattingley, J. B. (2013). Dynamic cooperation and competition between brain systems during cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(10), 493\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2013.08.006","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"1486_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00057.2020","volume":"123","author":"L Colzato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colzato, L., & Beste, C. (2020). A literature review on the neurophysiological underpinnings and cognitive effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: Challenges and future directions. Journal of Neurophysiology, 123(5), 1739\u20131755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00057.2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"1486_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Gee, J. W., Knapen, T., & Donner, T. H. (2014). Decision-related pupil dilation reflects upcoming choice and individual bias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(5), E618-E625.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317557111"},{"key":"1486_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23232","volume":"6","author":"JW de Gee","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Gee, J. W., Colizoli, O., Kloosterman, N. A., Knapen, T., Nieuwenhuis, S., & Donner, T. H. (2017). Dynamic modulation of decision biases by brainstem arousal systems. eLife, 6, Article e23232.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1486_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54014","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54014","volume":"9","author":"JW de Gee","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Gee, J. W., Tsetsos, K., Schwabe, L., Urai, A. E., McCormick, D., McGinley, M. J., & Donner, T. H. (2020). Pupil-linked phasic arousal predicts a reduction of choice bias across species and decision domains. eLife, 9, e54014.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.14.2.168","volume":"14","author":"N Derakshan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Derakshan, N., & Eysenck, M. W. (2009). Anxiety, processing efficiency, and cognitive performance. European Psychologist, 14(2), 168\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1016-9040.14.2.168","journal-title":"European Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169.56.1.48","volume":"56","author":"N Derakshan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Derakshan, N., Ansari, T. L., Hansard, M., Shoker, L., & Eysenck, M. W. (2008). Anxiety, inhibition, efficiency, and effectiveness. Experimental Psychology, 56(1), 48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1618-3169.56.1.48","journal-title":"Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1486_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/ENR.2011.06.04.254","volume":"6","author":"J Ellrich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ellrich, J. (2011). Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation. European Neurological Review, 6(4), Article 254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17925\/ENR.2011.06.04.254","journal-title":"European Neurological Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","volume":"7","author":"MW Eysenck","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"1486_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eysenck, M. W., Jason S., M., Nazanin, D., Piril, H., & Allen, P. (2023). A neurocognitive account of attentional control theory: how does trait anxiety affect the brain\u2019s attentional networks? Cognition and Emotion, 37(2), 220\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2022.2159936","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2022.2159936"},{"issue":"3","key":"1486_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.8.3.239","volume":"8","author":"CL Fales","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fales, C. L., Barch, D. M., Burgess, G. C., Schaefer, A., Mennin, D. S., Gray, J. R., & Braver, T. S. (2008). Anxiety and cognitive efficiency: Differential modulation of transient and sustained neural activity during a working memory task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(3), 239\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/CABN.8.3.239","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"1486_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmer, A. D., Strzelczyk, A., Finisguerra, A., Gourine, A. V., Gharabaghi, A., Hasan, A.,\u2026Koenig, J. (2021). International consensus based review and recommendations for minimum reporting standards in research on transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (version 2020). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 568051.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568051"},{"key":"1486_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"First, M. B. (2015). Structured clinical interview for the DSM (SCID). The encyclopedia of clinical psychology (pp. 1\u20136). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118625392.wbecp351","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118625392.wbecp351"},{"issue":"4","key":"1486_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-018-0596-2","volume":"18","author":"R Fischer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fischer, R., Ventura-Bort, C., Hamm, A., & Weymar, M. (2018). Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances conflict-triggered adjustment of cognitive control. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 18(4), 680\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-018-0596-2","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"1486_CR39","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"J Fox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2019). An R companion to applied regression (3rd ed.). Sage.","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"1486_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","volume":"8","author":"E Frangos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frangos, E., Ellrich, J., & Komisaruk, B. R. (2015). Noninvasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: FMRI evidence in humans. Brain Stimulation, 8(3), 624\u2013636.","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"1486_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429258411","volume-title":"Bayesian data analysis","author":"A Gelman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., & Rubin, D. B. (1995). Bayesian data analysis. Chapman and Hall\/CRC."},{"issue":"4","key":"1486_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12504","volume":"7","author":"P Green","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green, P., & MacLeod, C. J. (2016). SIMR: An R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(4), 493\u2013498.","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"April","key":"1486_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106146","volume":"173","author":"RS Gupta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gupta, R. S., Heller, W., & Braver, T. S. (2025). Reconceptualizing the relationship between anxiety, mindfulness, and cognitive control. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 173(April), Article 106146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106146","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"35","key":"1486_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8399","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0485-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"LJ Hearne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hearne, L. J., Cocchi, L., Zalesky, A., & Mattingley, J. B. (2017). Reconfiguration of brain network architectures between resting-state and complexity-dependent cognitive reasoning. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(35), 8399\u20138411.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"1486_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679","volume":"109","author":"CB Holroyd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109(4), 679\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"1486_CR46","volume-title":"Theory of probability","author":"H Jeffreys","year":"1961","unstructured":"Jeffreys, H. (1961). Theory of probability (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.028","volume":"89","author":"S Joshi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joshi, S., Li, Y., Kalwani, R. M., & Gold, J. I. (2016). Relationships between pupil diameter and neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, colliculi, and cingulate cortex. Neuron, 89(1), 221\u2013234.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70017","volume":"62","author":"K Kaduk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaduk, K., Petrella, A., M\u00fcller, S. J., Koenig, J., & Kroemer, N. B. (2025). Noninvasive auricular vagus nerve stimulation decreases heart rate variability independent of caloric load. Psychophysiology, 62(2), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.70017","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"430","key":"1486_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","volume":"90","author":"RE Kass","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(430), 773\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-019-00152-5","volume":"4","author":"M Keute","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keute, M., Barth, D., Liebrand, M., Heinze, H. J., Kraemer, U., & Zaehle, T. (2020). Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on conflict-related behavioral performance and frontal midline theta activity. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 4(2), 121\u2013130.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Enhancement"},{"issue":"6","key":"1486_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0107","volume":"1","author":"K Krishnamurthy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishnamurthy, K., Nassar, M. R., Sarode, S., & Gold, J. I. (2017). Arousal-related adjustments of perceptual biases optimize perception in dynamic environments. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(6), 0107.","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"1486_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.045","volume":"1481","author":"MK Krug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krug, M. K., & Carter, C. S. (2012). Proactive and reactive control during emotional interference and its relationship to trait anxiety. Brain Research, 1481, 13\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.045","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"1486_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","volume":"82","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). LmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"1486_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139087759","volume-title":"Bayesian cognitive modeling: A practical course","author":"MD Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, M. D., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2013). Bayesian cognitive modeling: A practical course. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139087759"},{"key":"1486_CR55","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. (2021). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"1486_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X15000667","volume":"39","author":"M Mather","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mather, M., Clewett, D., Sakaki, M., & Harley, C. W. (2016). Norepinephrine ignites local hotspots of neuronal excitation: How arousal amplifies selectivity in perception and memory. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X15000667","journal-title":"The Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"1486_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.08.001","volume":"83","author":"LM McTeague","year":"2016","unstructured":"McTeague, L. M., Goodkind, M. S., & Etkin, A. (2016). Transdiagnostic impairment of cognitive control in mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 83, 37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.08.001","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"April","key":"1486_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.049","volume":"291","author":"JA Michael","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michael, J. A., Wang, M., Kaur, M., Fitzgerald, P. B., Fitzgibbon, B. M., & Hoy, K. E. (2021). EEG correlates of attentional control in anxiety disorders: A systematic review of error-related negativity and correct-response negativity findings. Journal of Affective Disorders, 291(April), 140\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.049","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"1486_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3130","volume":"15","author":"MR Nassar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nassar, M. R., Rumsey, K. M., Wilson, R. C., Parikh, K., Heasly, B., & Gold, J. I. (2012). Rational regulation of learning dynamics by pupil-linked arousal systems. Nature Neuroscience, 15(7), 1040\u20131046.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251524592412987","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459241298700","volume":"8","author":"W Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan, W., Geng, H., Zhang, L., Fengler, A., Frank, M. J., Zhang, R.-Y., & Chuan-Peng, H. (2025). dockerHDDM: A user-friendly environment for Bayesian hierarchical drift-diffusion modeling. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 8(1), 25152459241298700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25152459241298700","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"1486_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perini, G. I., Toffanin, T., Pigato, G., Ferri, G., Follador, H., Zonta, F.,\u2026D'Avella, D. (2017). Hippocampal gray volumes increase in treatment-resistant depression responding to vagus nerve stimulation. The Journal of ECT, 33(3), 160\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000424","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000424"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.01.022","volume":"18","author":"I Pervaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pervaz, I., Thurn, L., Vezzani, C., Kaluza, L., K\u00fchnel, A., & Kroemer, N. B. (2025). Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation alter pupil dilation? A living Bayesian meta-analysis. Brain Stimulation, 18(2), 148\u2013157.","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1089","volume":"15","author":"ET Peuker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peuker, E. T., & Filler, T. J. (2002). The nerve supply of the human auricle. Clinical Anatomy, 15(1), 35\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.1089","journal-title":"Clinical Anatomy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.70011","volume":"62","author":"I Phillips","year":"2025","unstructured":"Phillips, I., Johns, M. A., Pand\u017ea, N. B., Calloway, R. C., Karuzis, V. P., & Kuchinsky, S. E. (2025). Three hundred hertz transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) impacts pupil size non-linearly as a function of intensity. Psychophysiology, 62(2), Article e70011.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000869","volume":"39","author":"G Pigato","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pigato, G., Rosson, S., Bresolin, N., Toffanin, T., Sambataro, F., Olivo, D., Perini, G., Causin, F., Denaro, L., Landi, A., & D\u2019Avella, D. (2023). Vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: A case series of long-term follow-up. The Journal of ECT, 39(1), 23\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000869","journal-title":"The Journal of ECT"},{"key":"1486_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.561780","volume":"14","author":"M Pihlaja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pihlaja, M., Failla, L., Per\u00e4kyl\u00e4, J., & Hartikainen, K. M. (2020). Reduced frontal nogo-n2 with uncompromised response inhibition during transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation\u2014more efficient cognitive control? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, Article 561780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.561780","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"1486_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","volume":"20","author":"R Ratcliff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (2008). The diffusion decision model: Theory and data for two-choice decision tasks. Neural Computation, 20(4), 873\u2013922.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1486_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000735","volume":"35","author":"C Ridgewell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ridgewell, C., Heaton, K. J., Hildebrandt, A., Couse, J., Leeder, T., & Neumeier, W. H. (2021). The effects of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation on cognition in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 35(4), 352.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1486_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13210","volume":"55","author":"B Schmidt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmidt, B., Kanis, H., Holroyd, C. B., Miltner, W. H. R., & Hewig, J. (2018). Anxious gambling: Anxiety is associated with higher frontal midline theta predicting less risky decisions. Psychophysiology, 55(10), Article e13210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13210","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1486_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae014","volume":"50","author":"C Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen, C., Calvin, O. L., Rawls, E., Redish, A. D., & Sponheim, S. R. (2024). Clarifying cognitive control deficits in psychosis via drift diffusion modeling and attractor dynamics. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 50(6), 1357\u20131370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbae014","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.007","volume":"79","author":"A Shenhav","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2013). The expected value of control: An integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron, 79(2), 217\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1486_CR72","unstructured":"Team, R. C. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"1486_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14637","volume":"8","author":"AE Urai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urai, A. E., Braun, A., & Donner, T. H. (2017). Pupil-linked arousal is driven by decision uncertainty and alters serial choice bias. Nature Communications, 8(1), Article 14637.","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"1486_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valadez, E. A., Morales, S., Buzzell, G. A., Troller-Renfree, S. V., Henderson, H. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A.,\u2026Fox, N. A. (2022). Development of proactive control and anxiety among behaviorally inhibited adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(12), 1466\u20131475.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.04.012"},{"issue":"3","key":"1486_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416643289","volume":"25","author":"E-J Wagenmakers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagenmakers, E.-J., Morey, R. D., & Lee, M. D. (2016). Bayesian benefits for the pragmatic researcher. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(3), 169\u2013176.","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"1486_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2013.00014","author":"TV Wiecki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiecki, T. V., Sofer, I., & Frank, M. J. (2013). HDDM: Hierarchical Bayesian estimation of the drift-diffusion model in Python. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fninf.2013.00014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1486_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","volume":"20","author":"N Yakunina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yakunina, N., Kim, S. S., & Nam, E. C. (2017). Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 20(3), 290\u2013300.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"},{"key":"1486_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02570","volume":"9","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Miskovich, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2018). State anxiety impairs proactive but enhances reactive control. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2570.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1486_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2024.100462","volume":"24","author":"S Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Liu, Q., Zhang, X., Zhou, M., Zhou, X., Ding, F., Zhang, R., Becker, B., Kendrick, K. M., & Zhao, W. (2024). Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhanced emotional inhibitory control via increasing intrinsic prefrontal couplings. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 24(2), Article 100462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijchp.2024.100462","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology"}],"container-title":["Cognitive, Affective, &amp; Behavioral Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13415-026-01486-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13415-026-01486-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.3758\/s13415-026-01486-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:27:58Z","timestamp":1786386478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.3758\/s13415-026-01486-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["1486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-026-01486-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-7026","1531-135X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-7026","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-135X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University (approval number: GZNUPSY.N.202504E [0004]).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No identifying images or personal information are included in this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, one generative AI tool (ChatGPT by OpenAI) was used to assist in language polishing and editing. The authors reviewed and verified all content for accuracy and take full responsibility for the integrity and originality of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}